{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T07:12:32Z","timestamp":1766733152342,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the mechanical properties of experimental flow composites incorporating remineralizing and bactericidal fillers (hydroxyapatite (HAp), calcium fluoride, and nanosilver). The evaluated properties included wear resistance, dynamic properties (impact strength), hardness, and static strength (compressive and bending strength). This work includes SEM analysis. The specimens were prepared using a commercial light-cured composite material based on bisphenol A-glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) (Arkona Flow Art, Niemce, Poland) and composite material modified by adding 2 wt%, 5 wt% of hydroxyapatite powder containing fluoride (calcium fluoride), and nanosilver. For this purpose, hydroxyapatite (HAp) with a grain size of 30 \u03bcm, which was previously synthesized using the wet method, was used. The results were evaluated against the ISO 4049 standard. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 29 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A significance level of 5% (\u03b1 = 0.05) was established. Based on the hardness measurements obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite, calcium fluoride, and nanosilver fillers increased the hardness of the flowable composites (89 ShD). The results revealed that incorporating fillers such as hydroxyapatite, nanosilver, and calcium fluoride led to a decrease in the impact strength of the material (0.095 J\/cm2). The results of the compressive strength tests revealed that the flowable composite containing 2 wt% of HAp, F, and Ag exhibited the highest compressive strength (190 MPa) among all of the tested materials. Among the experimental composites, the highest bending strength was observed in the variant containing 2 wt% of HAp, F, and Ag, with a value of 76.48 MPa. Significantly higher wear was observed for the composite containing nanosilver filler (4.02 \u00d7 10\u22124 Mm3\/Nm) compared to the other composites. However, the inclusion of nanosilver as a filler in the composite matrix was found to significantly deteriorate the mechanical properties of the material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15094961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1745992217000},"page":"4961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Impact of Various Functional Fillers on Key Properties of Dental Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Kula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Technology, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Street, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Bettencourt","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomaterials Research Group (BIOMAT), Biomedical and Oral Sciences Research Unit (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Chair of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Street, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Biomaterials Research Group (BIOMAT), Biomedical and Oral Sciences Research Unit (UICOB), Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3617-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Klimek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. B. Stefanowskiego 1\/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2009.0868","article-title":"Bacterial and host interactions of oral streptococci","volume":"28","author":"Kreth","year":"2009","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.S., Chu, C.-H., and Yu, O.Y. (2022). Oral Microbiome and Dental Caries Development. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10100184"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1159\/000151329","article-title":"Host and microbiological factors related to dental caries development","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Daliri, E.B.-M., Kim, N., Kim, J.-R., Yoo, D., and Oh, D.-H. (2020). Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070569"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.10.014","article-title":"Microbiome of titanium and zirconia dental implants abutments","volume":"32","author":"Pita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolone, G., Scolavino, S., Gherlone, E., and Spagnuolo, G. (2021). Direct Esthetic Composite Restorations in Anterior Teeth: Managing Symmetry Strategies. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13050797"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c00051","article-title":"A Review of Dental Composites: Methods of Characterizations","volume":"13","author":"Aminoroaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2022.108102","article-title":"A comprehensive review: Physical, mechanical, and tribological characterization of dental resin composite materials","volume":"179","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.10.044","article-title":"Improved performance of Bis-GMA\/TEGDMA dental composites by net-like structures formed from SiO2 nanofiber fillers","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.05.002","article-title":"Fabrication and evaluation of Bis-GMA\/TEGDMA dental resins\/composites containing nano fibrillar silicate","volume":"24","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Santis, R., Gloria, A., Maietta, S., Martorelli, M., De Luca, A., Spagnuolo, G., Riccitiello, F., and Rengo, S. (2018). Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Dental Composites Cured with CAD\/CAM Assisted Solid-State Laser. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11040504"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"220","article-title":"Orthodontic brackets removal under shear and tensile bond strength resistance tests\u2014A comparative test between light sources","volume":"3","author":"Sila","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laser Phys Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.94670","article-title":"Influence of different light sources on the conversion of composite resins","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Composite resins. A review of the materials and clinical indications","volume":"11","author":"Lozano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.04.044","article-title":"Systematic review of the chemical composition of contemporary dental adhesives","volume":"28","author":"Snauwaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2009.12.006","article-title":"Impact of replacing Bis-GMA and TEGDMA by other commercially available monomers on the properties of resin-based composites","volume":"26","author":"Dluzhevskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(02)00093-3","article-title":"Hydrolytic stability of experimental hydroxyapatite-filled dental composite materials","volume":"19","author":"Domingo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miric\u0103, I.-C., Furtos, G., B\u00e2ldea, B., Lucaciu, O., Ilea, A., Moldovan, M., and C\u00e2mpian, R.-S. (2020). Influence of Filler Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Flowable Resin Composites. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13061477"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistyakov, E.M., Kolpinskaya, N., Posokhova, V., and Chuev, V. (2020). Dental Composition Modified with Aryloxyphosphazene Containing Carboxyl Groups. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051176"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.04.008","article-title":"Synthesis and study of properties of dental resin composites with different nanosilica particles size","volume":"27","author":"Karabela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azmy, E., Al-Kholy, M.R.Z., Fattouh, M., Kenawi, L.M.M., and Helal, M.A. (2022). Impact of nanoparticles additions on the strength of dental composite resin. Int. J. Biomater., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1165431"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.02.004","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of novel nanohybrid resin cement adaptation using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography","volume":"40","author":"Ghada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.12816\/0015262","article-title":"The effect of addition nano particle ZrO2 on some properties of Autoclave Processed Heat cure acrylic denture base material","volume":"27","author":"Hameed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Baghdad Coll. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"50","article-title":"Functional fillers for dental resin composites","volume":"122","author":"Yazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.2021.015","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of nano-silver particles used in orthodontics fixed retainer composites: An experimental in-vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Mirhashemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.4.1913","article-title":"Mechanical properties of an experimental resin based composite containing silver nanoparticles and bioactive glass","volume":"36","author":"Hanif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01834A","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and reinforcing effect of SiO2\u2013ZnO complex cluster fillers for dental resin composites","volume":"9","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eomoghi, R., Semenescu, A., Pas\u0103re, V., Chivu, O.R., Ni\u021boi, D.F., Marcu, D.F., and Florea, B. (2024). The Impact of ZnO Nanofillers on the Mechanical and Anti-Corrosion Performances of Epoxy Composites. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16142054"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.09.003","article-title":"Longevity of posterior composite restorations: Not only a matter of materials","volume":"28","author":"Demarco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.05.001","article-title":"Longevity of posterior resin composite restorations in adults\u2014A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Astvaldsdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.02.195","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds via digital light processing and in vitro compatibility","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, A.C., Biscaia, S., Alvites, R., Branquinho, M., Lopes, B., Sousa, P., Valente, J., Franco, M., Santos, J.D., and Mendon\u00e7a, C. (2022). Assessment of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone, Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Diacrylate Poly(ethylene glycol) Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202210.0436.v1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimek, L., Kopacz, K., \u015amielak, B., and Kula, Z. (2023). An Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of a Hybrid Composite Containing Hydroxyapatite. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134548"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.05.062","article-title":"Fluoridated hydroxyapatite nanorods as novel fillers for improving mechanical properties of dental composite: Synthesis and application","volume":"82","author":"Taheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Desing"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2009). Dentistry\u2013Polymer-Based Restorative Materials (Standard No. EN ISO 4049)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2010). Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear (Standard No. ASTM G133-05)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2003). Plastics and Ebonite\u2014Determination of Indentation Hardness by Means of a Durometer (Shore Hardness) (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 868)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2002). Plastics\u2014Determination of Compressive Properties 2002 (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 604)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2020). Plastics\u2014Determination of Charpy Impact Properties (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 179-2:2020-12)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2017). Standard Test Method for Rubber Property\u2014Durometer Hardness (Standard No. ASTM D2240)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banaszek, K., and Klimek, L. (2019). Ti(C, N) as Barrier. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9070432"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.12913\/22998624\/65123","article-title":"Research on tribological properties of dental composite materials","volume":"10","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kula, Z., Klimek, L., D\u0105browska, K., Neves, C.B., and Roque, J.C. (2024). Selected Mechanical Properties of Dental Hybrid Composite with Fluorine, Hydroxyapatite and Silver Fillers. J. Compos. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8060232"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.06.075","article-title":"Effect of calcium fluoride on mechanical behavior and sinterability of nano-hydroxyapatite and titania composites","volume":"40","author":"Kutbay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fluorapatite: A Review of Synthesis, Properties and Medical Applications vs. Hydroxyapatite","volume":"19","author":"Seyedmajidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-5050-y","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite, fluor-hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite produced via the sol\u2013gel method: Dissolution behaviour and biological properties after crystallization","volume":"25","author":"Tredwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.03.003","article-title":"Influence of silver nano-particles on monomer elution from light-cured composites","volume":"27","author":"Durner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2006.01.079","article-title":"Depolarized light scattering from silver nanoparticles","volume":"421","author":"Gryczynski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.07.069","article-title":"Mechanistic interpretations of fracture toughness and correlations to wear behavior of hydroxyapatite and silica\/hydroxyapatite filled bis-GMA\/TEGDMA micro\/hybrid dental restorative composites","volume":"130","author":"Chadda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kula, Z., Klimek, L., Kopacz, K., and \u015amielak, B. (2022). Evaluation of the Effect of the Addition of Hydroxyapatite on Selected Mechanical and Tribological Properties of a Flow-Type Composite. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15249016"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012039","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2193\/1\/012039","article-title":"Characterization of hydroxyapatite by cytotoxicity test and bending test","volume":"2193","author":"Sirait","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"37","article-title":"Pengujian Bending Biomaterial Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Sapi sebagai Prosthesis Sendi Rahang (TMJ) pada Manusia","volume":"4","author":"Annur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tek. ITS"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"104","article-title":"Microhardness and Flexural Strength after Chemical Aging of chlorhexidine delivery systems based on acrylic resin","volume":"60","author":"Neves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Estomatol. Med. Dent\u00e1ria Cir. Maxilofac."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"155","article-title":"Surface Properties after Chemical Aging of chlorhexidine delivery systems based on acrylic resin","volume":"60","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Estomatologi. Med. Dent\u00e1ria Cir. Maxilofac."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2005.08.010","article-title":"On evaluation of wear resistance of tooth enamel and dental materials","volume":"260","author":"Sajewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wear"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/9\/4961\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:24:42Z","timestamp":1760030682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/9\/4961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["app15094961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15094961","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}