{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:24:58Z","timestamp":1769059498127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FUNDEP"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wheel\u2013rail contact is an intrinsic characteristic of rail transport. This contact is one of the main reasons why rails are so efficient for transportation, mainly due to the very low friction coefficient between them and the wheels. However, this strong argument also leads to a disadvantage: the wheel contact is also associated with excessive vibration and noise, which have a strong impact on the passengers\u2019 comfort and especially the surrounding community. These noises and vibrations impact the public in several ways, like disturbing sleep, increasing stress and heart-associated diseases. The main objective of the present work is to investigate the rail vibration attenuation by applying particle dampers. Four different particles will be studied, and their effectiveness in reducing the rail vibrations will be analysed. Promising results were found, where under certain conditions, the particle dampers, such as lead and magnetite particles, were able to reduce peak vibration levels by more than an order of magnitude. The application of this system may have a strong impact on the communities using and in the vicinity of rail systems by reducing the noise and vibration, consequently improving people\u2019s health and well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15095014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:23Z","timestamp":1746171863000},"page":"5014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reducing Railway Track Vibrations by Applying Particle-Damping Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Fiorentin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobility Engineering, UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), Joinville 89219-600, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Piehowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobility Engineering, UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), Joinville 89219-600, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Anelize","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobility Engineering, UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), Joinville 89219-600, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Yesid","family":"Asaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobility Engineering, UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), Joinville 89219-600, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Carboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobility Engineering, UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), Joinville 89219-600, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ab\u00edlio","family":"Pinho de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering\u2014INEGI, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Fiorentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mobility Engineering, UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina), Joinville 89219-600, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3tny, M., and Bohatkiewicz, J. (2021). Traffic noise and inhabitant health\u2014A comparison of road and rail noise. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137340"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maclachlan, L., Waye, P.K., and Pedersen, E. (2017). Exploring perception of vibrations from rail: An interview study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111303"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.G., Croy, I., \u00d6gren, M., and Waye, P.K. (2013). On the influence of freight trains on humans: A laboratory investigation of the impact of nocturnal low frequency vibration and noise on sleep and heart rate. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055829"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002655","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002655","article-title":"Effects of train noise and vibration on human heart rate during sleep: An experimental study","volume":"3","author":"Croy","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Maintenance effects on rolling noise\u2013metro and light rail","volume":"21","author":"Croft","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"H\u00f6jer, M., Bergseth, E., Olofsson, U., Nilsson, R., and Lyu, Y. (2016, January 5\u20138). A noise related track maintenance tool for severe wear detection of wheel\u2013rail contact. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance, Caglinari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5319460","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5319460","article-title":"Source Contribution Analysis for Exterior Noise of a High-Speed Train: Experiments and Simulations","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.101","article-title":"The growth of railway ground vibration problems\u2014A review","volume":"568","author":"Connolly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"805","article-title":"Comparison of annoyance from railway noise and railway vibration","volume":"14","author":"Ogran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.03.038","article-title":"Measurement of building foundation and ground-borne vibrations due to surface trains and subways","volume":"53","author":"Sanayei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.216","article-title":"Train-induced field vibration measurements of ground and over-track buildings","volume":"575","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hanson, C.E., Towers, D.A., and Meister, L.D. (2006). Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, Federal Transit Administration (USA)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2022.01.060","article-title":"Optimization of Freight Train Speeds on Railway Transport","volume":"61","author":"Abramov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1999.2542","article-title":"A review of the modelling of wheel\/rail noise generation","volume":"231","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1996.0254","article-title":"On the relationship between wheel and rail surface roughness and rolling noise","volume":"193","author":"Thompson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, D., Choi, H.S., Choi, Y.J., and Jeong, W. (2019). Measuring Acoustic Roughness of a Longitudinal Railhead Profile Using a Multi-Sensor Integration Technique. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071610"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.G., Croy, I., Hammar, O., and Wayer, K.P. (2016). Vibration from freight trains fragments sleep: A polysomnographic study. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24717"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2017.09.015","article-title":"Research developments in vibration control of structures using passive tuned mass dampers","volume":"44","author":"Elias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1680\/istbu.1995.27599","article-title":"Seismic behaviour of base-isolated buildings: A state-of-the art-review","volume":"110","author":"Jangid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Saidi, I., Mohammed, A.D., Gad, E.F., Wilson, J.L., and Haritos, N. (2007). Optimum Design for Passive Tuned Mass Dampers Using Viscoelastic Materials, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2020.107487","article-title":"Development of tuned particle impact damper for reduction of transient railway vibrations","volume":"169","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:4(398)","article-title":"Train-induced vibration control of high-speed railway bridges equipped with multiple tuned mass dampers","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2019.114865","article-title":"A review of particle damping modeling and testing","volume":"459","author":"Gagnon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1999.2795","article-title":"Particle impact damping","volume":"233","author":"Friend","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10035-022-01298-4","article-title":"Design of robust particle dampers using inner structures and coated container walls","volume":"25","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Granul. Matter"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/936701","article-title":"An empirical method for particle damping design","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200116","DOI":"10.1002\/pamm.202200116","article-title":"Application and damping mechanism of particle dampers","volume":"22","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Appl. Math. Mech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1177\/0954410015607552","article-title":"Experimental investigation of particle damper-based vibration suppression in printed circuit board for spacecraft applications","volume":"230","author":"Veeramuthuvel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405416660995","article-title":"Effectiveness of particle and mass impact damping on tool vibration during hard turning process","volume":"232","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2930221","article-title":"Structural Damping Enhancement Via Non-Obstructive Particle Damping Technique","volume":"114","author":"Panossian","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vib. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Prasad, B.B., Luft, T., Michaelsen, C., and Rottengruber, H.S. (2024, January 18\u201321). Enhancing Vibroacoustic Performance of Power Electronic Subsystem in Electric Drives Using Particle Dampers. Proceedings of the DAGA 2024, Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Xin, Y. (2024). Deep learning-based investigation of an innovative rail damper using particle damping technology for noise and vibration control. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Lai, S., Ni, Y., and Chen, L. (2024). Dynamic modelling and analysis of a physics-driven strategy for vibration control of railway vehicles. Veh. Syst. Dyn., 1\u201331.","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2024.2368616"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/14613484221128682","article-title":"A combined review of vibration control strategies for high-speed trains and railway infrastructures: Challenges and solutions","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115230","article-title":"Railway noise reduction by periodic tuned particle impact damper with bounce and pitch-coupled vibration modes","volume":"284","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2023.117788","article-title":"Studies on dissipative characteristics and equivalent model of particle damper in railway application","volume":"560","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"85","article-title":"Particle damping-based design for vibration and noise reduction of interior wooden flooring in high-speed railway trains","volume":"1","author":"Yanning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Railw. Roll. Stock"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165410","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.69.165410","article-title":"Surface tension effect on the mechanical properties of nanomaterials measured by atomic force microscopy","volume":"69","author":"Cuenot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2011.05.056","article-title":"Mechanical properties of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) and goethite (\u03b1-FeO\u00b7OH) by instrumented indentation and molecular dynamics analysis","volume":"129","author":"Chicot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.06.018","article-title":"Estimation of effective elastic properties of polymer\/clay nanocomposites: A parametric study","volume":"152","author":"Vo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.5545\/sv-jme.2013.1510","article-title":"Evaluation of the Young\u2019s Modulus of Rubber-Like Materials Bonded to Rigid Surfaces with Respect to Poisson\u2019s Ratio","volume":"60","author":"Koblar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/9\/5014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:25:31Z","timestamp":1760030731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/9\/5014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["app15095014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app15095014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}