{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:05Z","timestamp":1760059445611,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the relationship between front crawl trunk incline and the lower limbs\u2019 biomechanics in non-expert swimmers. Eighteen male participants (19.22 \u00b1 1.11 years) were recorded in the sagittal plane performing 2 \u00d7 25 m of front crawl at maximum intensity to analyze their trunk incline (TI), maximum knee angle (KneeMax), minimum knee angle (KneeMin), knee range of motion (KneeROM), kicking duration (KickDur), descendent phase duration (DurDesc), and ascendant phase duration (DurAsc). They also performed towing for passive drag measurements and a 20 s lower limbs\u2019 tethered test while connected to an electromechanical device and grabbing a floating board to collect the maximum (Fmax) and mean (Fmean) kicking forces. Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient (r) was used to compute the relationships between all variables. For kinematics, a negative association was found between the TI and v (r = \u22120.64), KneeMin (r = \u22120.68), KneeRoM (r = \u22120.74), and SI (r = \u22120.52). Regarding kinetics, a single association was found between TI and Fmean (r = \u22120.52). The results indicate that a greater TI in non-expert swimmers may be a consequence of weaker knee action, which compromises their mean force application and negatively affects velocity and efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15126676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:47:22Z","timestamp":1750070842000},"page":"6676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship Between Front Crawl Trunk Incline and Lower Limbs\u2019 Biomechanics in Non-Expert Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio J.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sports Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta L.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sports Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport, CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paul-Adrien","family":"Pserchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty des Sciences du Sport, University Paris-Saclay, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Hamaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty des Sciences du Sport, University Paris-Saclay, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Higher Education School, Polytechnic of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213010-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of Competitive Front Crawl Swimming","volume":"13","author":"Toussaint","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Barbosa, T.M., Marinho, D.A., Costa, M.J., and Silva, A.J. 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