{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T07:01:15Z","timestamp":1777186875887,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds from FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UI\/BD\/152825\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152825\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD research","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT for the PhD research","award":["UI\/BD\/152825\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/152825\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microalgae are a rich renewable source of a wide variety of bioactive compounds. This study focuses on seven microalgae\u2014Limnospira sp., Dunaliella sp., Lobosphaera sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Odontella sp., Porphyridium sp., and Tetraselmis sp.\u2014 analyzing their nutritional compositions and the potential bioactivity of their hydroethanolic extracts obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC), as well as the antimicrobial activity of the extracts were determined. The protein content of the microalgae ranged from 22.9 \u00b1 0.1 to 59.8 \u00b1 1.6%, the fat content ranged from 5.3 \u00b1 0.0 to 36.6 \u00b1 0.0%, and the carbohydrates ranged from 24.0 \u00b1 3.0 to 46.1 \u00b1 1.0%. The highest contents of protein, fat, and carbohydrates were found in Limnospira sp., Nannochloropsis sp., and Lobosphaera sp., respectively. The TPC of the extracts varied between 0.53 \u00b1 0.09 and 3.18 \u00b1 0.53 mg GAE\/100 mg DW. Antioxidant activity values ranged from 1.09 \u00b1 0.15 and 2.85 \u00b1 0.45 \u03bcmol TE\/100 mg DW for ABTS, 0.25 \u00b1 0.06 and 2.28 \u00b1 0.06 \u03bcmol TE\/100 mg DW for DPPH, and 2.37 \u00b1 0.58 and 18.32 \u00b1 1.00 \u03bcmol TE\/100 mg DW for ORAC. The extract from Limnospira sp. exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and also showed notable antimicrobial effects. Meanwhile, the Nannochloropsis sp. extract demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity against most tested bacterial strains. Lipids were successfully extracted from Nannochloropsis sp. Furthermore, alginate and zein films incorporated with bioactive-rich extracts from Limnospira sp. and Nannochloropsis sp., along with the lipid-rich extract from Nannochloropsis sp., were developed. These films showed significant antioxidant activity and effective antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15126691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:47:22Z","timestamp":1750070842000},"page":"6691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Unravelling the Potential of Seven Microalgae Species: Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties and Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter F. R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia,  Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia,  Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A4F\u2014Algae for Future, Campus do Lumiar, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar, Edif. E, R\/C, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celina","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A4F\u2014Algae for Future, Campus do Lumiar, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar, Edif. E, R\/C, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Badenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A4F\u2014Algae for Future, Campus do Lumiar, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar, Edif. E, R\/C, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0230-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A4F\u2014Algae for Future, Campus do Lumiar, Estrada do Pa\u00e7o do Lumiar, Edif. E, R\/C, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia,  Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alcina M. M. B.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia,  Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui M. S. C.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia,  Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lackner, M., Sajjadi, B., and Chen, W.Y. (2024). Biodegradable Bio-Based Plastics Toward Climate Change Mitigation. Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6431-0_169-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilhami, S., Rahmen, S.N.S.A., Iqhrammullah, M., Hamid, Z., Chai, Y.O., and Lam, M.K. (2024). Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from microalgae for sustainable bioplastics: A review. Biotechnol. 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