{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T08:29:45Z","timestamp":1775809785425,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cMobilising Agendas for Business Innovation\u201d through the \u201cRecovery and Resilience Programme (PRR)\u201d","award":["C644936537-00000046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936537-00000046"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMobilising Agendas for Business Innovation\u201d through the \u201cRecovery and Resilience Programme (PRR)\u201d","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMobilising Agendas for Business Innovation\u201d through the \u201cRecovery and Resilience Programme (PRR)\u201d","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMobilising Agendas for Business Innovation\u201d through the \u201cRecovery and Resilience Programme (PRR)\u201d","award":["UID\/50007\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50007\/2023"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Base Funding","award":["C644936537-00000046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936537-00000046"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Base Funding","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Base Funding","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Base Funding","award":["UID\/50007\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50007\/2023"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Programmatic Funding","award":["C644936537-00000046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936537-00000046"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Programmatic Funding","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Programmatic Funding","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LAETA Programmatic Funding","award":["UID\/50007\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50007\/2023"]}]},{"name":"LIP Base Funding","award":["C644936537-00000046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936537-00000046"]}]},{"name":"LIP Base Funding","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LIP Base Funding","award":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LIP Base Funding","award":["UID\/50007\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50007\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the challenge of accurately correlating detailed and reduced thermal models in aerospace applications by using heuristic global optimization methods. In the context of increasingly complex thermal systems, traditional manual correlation methods are usually a time-consuming task. This research employs a series of numerical simulations using methods such as Genetic Algorithms, Cultural Algorithms, and Artificial Immune Systems, with an emphasis on parameter tuning to optimize the reduced thermal model correlation. Results indicate that these heuristic methods can achieve high-accuracy correlations, with transient simulations exhibiting temperature differences below 3 \u00b0C, thereby validating the hypothesis that heuristic methods can effectively navigate complex parameter optimizations. Moreover, a comparative analysis of fitness function performance across various optimization methods underscores both the potential and computational challenges inherent in these approaches. The findings suggest that while heuristic global optimization provides a robust framework for thermal model reduction and correlation, further refinement\u2014particularly in scaling to larger, more complex models and adaptive parameter tuning\u2014is necessary. Overall, this work contributes to the theoretical understanding and practical application of advanced optimization strategies in aerospace thermal analysis, paving the way for improved predictive reliability and more efficient engineering processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15137002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T08:50:57Z","timestamp":1750755057000},"page":"7002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heuristic Global Optimization for Thermal Model Reduction and Correlation in Aerospace Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4117-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas (LIP), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA)\/Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Synopsis Planet, Advance Engineering Unipessoal LDA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6337-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beltran N.","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas (LIP), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA)\/Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Synopsis Planet, Advance Engineering Unipessoal LDA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Melicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA)\/Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Synopsis Planet, Advance Engineering Unipessoal LDA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA)\/Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica (IDMEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Gordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas (LIP), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Synopsis Planet, Advance Engineering Unipessoal LDA, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 16, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 R. R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA)\/Aeronautics and Astronautics Research Center (AEROG), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2016). Space Engineering\u2014Thermal Analysis Handbook, 1st ed (Standard No. ECSS-E-HB-31-03A)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jouffroy, F., and Durand, N. (2007, January 30\u201331). Thermal model correlation using Genetic Algorithms. Proceedings of the 21st European Workshop on Thermal and ECLS Software, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"John, J.H. (1992). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence, The MIT Press. 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