{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:31:27Z","timestamp":1760059887440,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earth\u2013air heat exchangers (EAHXs) use the soil\u2019s thermal capacity to dampen the amplitude of outdoor air temperature oscillations. This effect can be used in hot and dry climates for room cooling with no or very little need for resources other than those used during the EAHX construction, an obvious advantage compared to the significant operational costs of refrigeration machines. Contrary to the streamlined process applied in conventional HVAC design (using refrigeration machines), EAHX design lacks straightforward and well-established rules; moreover, EAHXs struggle to achieve office room design cooling demands determined with conventional indoor thermal environment standards, hindering designers\u2019 confidence and the wider adoption of EAHXs for standalone room cooling. This paper presents a graph-based method to assist in the design of a large-diameter EAHX. One year of post-occupancy monitoring data are used to evaluate this method and to investigate the performance of a large-diameter EAHX with up to 16,000 m3\/h design airflow rate. Considering an adaptive standard for thermal comfort, peak EAHX cooling capacity of 28 kW (330 kWh\/day, with just 50 kWh\/day of fan electricity consumption) and office room load extraction of up to 22 kW (49 W\/m2) provided evidence in support of standalone use of EAHX for room cooling. A fair fit between actual EAHX thermal performance and results obtained with the graph-based design method support the use of this method for large-diameter EAHX design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15147938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T15:48:22Z","timestamp":1752680902000},"page":"7938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and Performance of a Large-Diameter Earth\u2013Air Heat Exchanger Used for Standalone Office-Room Cooling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3880-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, ESTSet\u00fabal, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2914-508 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2914-508 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Moret Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, ESTSet\u00fabal, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2914-508 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Gl\u00f3ria","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Asimakopoulos, D. (1996). Passive Cooling of Buildings, James & James."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrucci, M., and Peron, F. (2018). 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