{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:49Z","timestamp":1760059969718,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new, simple machine was developed to address a long-standing challenge in biomedical and mechanical engineering: how to enhance the primary stability and long-term integration of screws and implants in low-density or heterogeneous materials, such as bone or composite substrates. Traditional screws often rely solely on external threading for fixation, leading to limited cohesion, poor integration, or early loosening under cyclic loading. In response to this problem, we designed and built a novel device that leverages a unique mechanical principle to simultaneously perforate, collect, and compact the substrate material during insertion. This mechanism results in an internal material interlock, enhancing cohesion and stability. Drawing upon principles from physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology, we evaluated its biomechanical behavior in synthetic bone analogs. The maximum insertion (MIT) and removal torques (MRT) were measured on synthetic osteoporotic bones using a digital torquemeter, and the values were compared directly. Experimental results demonstrated that removal torque (mean of 21.2 Ncm) consistently exceeded insertion torque (mean of 20.2 Ncm), indicating effective material interlocking and cohesive stabilization. This paper reviews the relevant literature, presents new data, and discusses potential applications in civil infrastructure, aerospace, and energy systems where substrate cohesion is critical. The findings suggest that this new simple machine offers a transformative approach to improving fixation and integration across multiple domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15158215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1753286691000},"page":"8215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frictional Cohesive Force and Multifunctional Simple Machine for Advanced Engineering and Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Aurelio","family":"Andreucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Computing, American International University, Al Jahra 91100, Kuwait"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6526-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Yaseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Hospital Johanneum, Wieldeshausen 27793, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza M. M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic of Porto ISEP, Porto 4249015, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Andreucci, C.A. (2024). Bioactive Kinetic Screw (BKS)\u2014Multifunctional Simple Machine, University of Porto."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"SINOROCK (2025, July 12). Self-Drilling Soil Nailing Equipment. Available online: https:\/\/www.sinorockco.com\/news\/industry-news\/self-drilling-soil-nail-equipment.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.09.006","article-title":"The Effect of Cortical Bone Thickness on the Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants and on the Stress Distribution in Surrounding Bone","volume":"38","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tethys Engineering (2025, July 12). 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