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This study proposes a multifunctional surface coating system integrating a thermally oxidized TiO2 interlayer with a hydroxyapatite (HAp) top layer synthesized via a green route using Hylocereus undatus extract. The HAp was deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), enabling continuous coverage and strong adhesion to the pre-treated Ti-6Al-4V substrate. Structural, morphological, chemical, and electrical characterizations were performed using XRD, SEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. Bioactivity was assessed through apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF), while antibacterial properties were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated successful formation of crystalline TiO2 (rutile phase) and calcium-rich HAp with good surface coverage. The HAp-coated surfaces exhibited significantly enhanced bioactivity and strong antibacterial performance, likely due to the combined effects of surface roughness and the bioactive compounds present in the plant extract. This study highlights the potential of eco-friendly, bio-inspired surface engineering to improve the biological performance of titanium-based implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app15158598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1754558752000},"page":"8598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Electrophoretic Deposition of Green-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite on Thermally Oxidized Titanium: Enhanced Bioactivity and Antibacterial Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Relva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Physics Department, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inovatools Portugal LDA, Rua da Ind\u00fastria Metal\u00fargica, 593 Cumeiras Embra, 2430-528 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Faia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, FCTUC, Polo 2, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IPN\u2014LED&MAT\u2014Instituto Pedro Nunes, Laborat\u00f3rio de Ensaios, Desgaste e Materiais, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohra","family":"Benzarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Sfax, Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Applications (LaMMA), Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Soukra Road km 3.5, B.P. 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Devesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.11.026","article-title":"Effect of Titania Anodic Formation and Hydroxyapatite Electrodeposition on Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy under Fretting Conditions for Biomedical Applications","volume":"91","author":"Benea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Corros. 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