{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:29:20Z","timestamp":1770280160118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viticulture in the Iberian Peninsula is increasingly threatened by climate change, particularly rising temperatures and prolonged droughts. This study evaluates the ability of the De Martonne Index (DMI), a simple climatic aridity index based solely on temperature and precipitation, to serve as a proxy for vineyard health over a 30-year period (1993\u20132022). Vineyard health was assessed using the Vegetation Health Index (VHI), derived from satellite remote sensing data. DMI values were computed from bias-corrected ERA5-Land data, and VHI composites were generated from NOAA satellite imagery. Vineyard-specific outputs were isolated using land cover datasets, and a contingency analysis compared drought classifications from both indices. Results show a strong spatio-temporal correspondence between low DMI values and reduced VHI, with agreement rates for severe\/extreme drought conditions reaching up to 56% under the most restrictive DMI thresholds. In the analyzed period, years such as 1995, 1997, 2005, 2009, and 2012, showed over 20% of vineyard areas affected by moderate-to-severe\/extreme drought. The spatial analysis revealed that northern and northwestern regions of the peninsula experienced less drought stress, while central and southern areas were more frequently affected. This approach demonstrates that the DMI alone can provide a reliable assessment of vineyard health, potentially enabling its direct use with seasonal forecasts, which are generally available for temperature and precipitation, to anticipate drought impacts and support adaptation in viticulture. The proposed methodology is scalable and transferable to other crops and regions, serving as a tool for climate adaptation strategies in viticulture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app151910605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T15:38:55Z","timestamp":1759246735000},"page":"10605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Simple Aridity Index to Monitor Vineyard Health: Evaluating the De Martonne Index in the Iberian Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazaret","family":"Crespo-Cotrina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Agronomy Department, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Engineering Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6683-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"Claro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1233-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Rebollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Su\u00e1rez, s\/n., 06007 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Moral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s\/n., 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis L.","family":"Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Medio Agron\u00f3mico y Forestal, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Su\u00e1rez, s\/n., 06007 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abelardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda del Medio Agron\u00f3mico y Forestal, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Su\u00e1rez, s\/n., 06007 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Department, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Agronomy Department, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Frankel, R., and Fran\u1e33el, R. 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