{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T21:30:45Z","timestamp":1776202245528,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different adhesive solutions on the surface roughness and hardness of denture base materials. Twenty specimens (20 \u00d7 20 \u00d7 5 mm) were produced for each material group: heat-cured ProBase Hot\u00ae, 3D-printed NextDent Denture 3D+\u00ae, and PMMA-milled Exaktus\u00ae. They were then divided into five solution subgroups (n = 4): control (T0), distilled water, Corega PowerMax\u00ae, Elgydium Fix\u00ae, and Kukident Pro Ultimate\u00ae. Specimens were immersed in the solution at 37 \u00b0C daily for 28 days, simulating continuous use. Profilometry and Shore D hardness tests were performed at baseline and after 28 days of the immersion protocol. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0, considering a confidence level of 0.05. At baseline, the materials differed in surface roughness and Shore D hardness, with the 3D-printed group showing the highest median values for the Rz parameter (p = 0.023) and the lowest for hardness (p = 0.023). Elgydium Fix had a significant effect on the heat-cured resin, with increased Rz and decreased hardness. Kukident caused higher roughness and lower hardness in the 3D-printed and milled resins (not significant). Corega showed minor effects in all tested materials. In conclusion, the denture base material and the adhesive formulation influence the physical and mechanical properties of denture base resins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app151910749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T11:42:49Z","timestamp":1759750969000},"page":"10749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Denture Adhesives on the Surface Roughness and Hardness of Denture Base Resins\u2014A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guilherme Bezerra","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), 4200-393 Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Sampaio-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), 4200-393 Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4249-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"G\u00f3is","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), 4200-393 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa (FMDUL), 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6867-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estevam","family":"Bonfante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8583-8096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Figueiral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP), 4200-393 Oporto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI), 4200-465 Oporto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0036","article-title":"Denture adhesives: Changing attitudes","volume":"127","author":"Grasso","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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