{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:15:26Z","timestamp":1762452926699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Science Foundation","award":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/1239\/2021","2023.11365.PEX","UIDP 00481 Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-EME\/1239\/2021","2023.11365.PEX","UIDP 00481 Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation"]}]},{"name":"Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern and its rising prevalence in road traffic accidents underscores the need for deeper understanding and tailored investigation. This study explores the feasibility of employing the female finite element head model (FeFEHM) to analyse biomechanical responses in two distinct road traffic accident scenarios, focusing on strain and stress distribution in critical brain structures. Two collision scenarios from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) were reconstructed using validated Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) simulations. The extracted skull kinematics were applied to the FeFEHM in ABAQUS to compute maximum principal strain, von Mises stress, and intracranial pressure across key brain regions, including the corpus callosum and pituitary gland. Simulations revealed strain concentrations in the parietal and temporal lobes, while the mid-body region was the most affected in the corpus callosum. Pituitary gland deformation was minimal under both loading conditions. Our findings align qualitatively with reported injury sites and injury risk was consistent with those observed in the real-world crashes. The findings highlight the potential of integrating sex-specific biomechanical models into crash biomechanics workflows. Future work should extend this approach across larger datasets and impact scenarios to support its implementation in regulatory and engineering contexts, since the actual sample size prevents conclusions regarding sex-specific biomechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app152111837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1762451503000},"page":"11837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing Crash Safety Analysis Through Female-Specific Head Modeling: Application of FeFEHM in Traffic Accident Reconstructions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7191-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos G. S.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Eggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Highway Research and Transport Institute (BASt, Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen), 51427 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Wisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Highway Research and Transport Institute (BASt, Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen), 51427 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio A. O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Alves de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000124","article-title":"The prevalence of traumatic brain injury among young offenders in custody","volume":"30","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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