{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:07:43Z","timestamp":1776283663694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES","award":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSRE-LCM, UIDB\/50020\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES","award":["ALiCE, LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALiCE, LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The agricultural sector faces significant challenges related to climate change and population growth, which intensify pressure on natural resources and food security. Sustainable resource-efficient systems, alongside wastewater valorisation, are a promising solution. This study evaluated the reuse potential of aquaculture, urban, and swine farm wastewater in hydroponic cultivation. Trials with leafy vegetables and fruit crops were conducted in aquaponic systems containing two fish species (Koi carp and African catfish) and two small-scale hydroponic systems. Water quality, plant development, and environmental parameters were monitored. Results for the best performance scenarios within each cultivation system showed that in urban wastewater, strawberries yielded 183 \u00b1 74 g\/plant, exceeding yields in aquaponics (125 \u00b1 60 g\/plant). Lettuce performed better in swine farm wastewater (180 \u00b1 39 g\/plant) than in urban (65 \u00b1 6 g\/plant), with corresponding water-use efficiencies of 117 and 65 g\/L. Aquaponics also supported stable yields, up to 108 \u00b1 1 g\/plant for lamb\u2019s lettuce and 10,047 \u00b1 8791 g of papaya fruit per plant. Nutrient recovery in hydroponic systems supplied with urban and swine farm wastewater reached up to 95% for N, P, and K. Overall, these systems demonstrated substantially lower water consumption compared with values commonly reported for conventional agriculture, underscoring their strong sustainability advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app152312695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:34:37Z","timestamp":1764581677000},"page":"12695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wastewater Valorisation in Sustainable Productive Systems: Aquaculture, Urban, and Swine Farm Effluents Hydroponics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1533-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s M. R.","family":"Luz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Damariz","family":"Ushi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5007-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oun\u00edsia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Ispolnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-6045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M. I.","family":"Aires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena Pala D.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7775-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Bernardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network, ESTM\u2014School of Tourism and Marine Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-614 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cotrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8792-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Sebasti\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judite","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157709","article-title":"Valorization of Wastewater: A Paradigm Shift towards Circular Bioeconomy and Sustainability","volume":"848","author":"Kundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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