{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T07:20:27Z","timestamp":1766388027003,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2023.00485.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.00485.BDANA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the morphological performance of the CardioBAN wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) device by comparing its beat-level waveform accuracy against a clinically certified reference system (GE Vivid E9). A cycle-by-cycle Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) analysis was employed to assess beat-level waveform similarity between both devices in 17 healthy participants under controlled conditions. Each cardiac cycle from CardioBAN was aligned to its reference counterpart, enabling a fine-grained comparison of waveform shape. The resulting DTW distances (mean 0.493 \u00b1 0.166) demonstrated overall high morphological agreement, with lower values occurring in recordings with stable beat morphology and higher values primarily reflecting normal variability related to minor motion artifacts or electrode\u2013skin impedance fluctuations. A complementary Bland\u2013Altman analysis of point-wise amplitude differences after DTW alignment showed minimal bias (0.079) and narrow limits of agreement (\u22120.897\u20131.055), confirming strong amplitude concordance between systems. These findings indicate that the CardioBAN wearable reliably reproduces key ECG morphological features under controlled, short-term recording conditions. Further studies encompassing ambulatory environments and clinical populations are needed to evaluate its suitability for real-world and pathological scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app152413143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"13143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of ECG Waveform Accuracy in the CardioBAN Wearable Device: An Initial Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8987-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Escriv\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2013School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, USC Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto CCG\/ZGDV, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Vila\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2013School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI, Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Varela-Lema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, USC Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1995-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai\u2013School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI, Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.003","article-title":"A Heart-Healthy and Stroke-Free World: Using Data to Inform Global Action","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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