{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:42:36Z","timestamp":1773157356915,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]],"date-time":"2012-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intrinsic advantages of optical sensor technology are very appealing for high voltage applications and can become a valuable asset in a new generation of smart grids. In this paper the authors present a review of optical sensors technologies for electrical current metering in high voltage applications. A brief historical overview is given together with a more detailed focus on recent developments. Technologies addressed include all fiber sensors, bulk magneto-optical sensors, piezoelectric transducers, magnetic force sensors and hybrid sensors. The physical principles and main advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Configurations and strategies to overcome common problems, such as interference from external currents and magnetic fields induced linear birefringence and others are discussed. The state-of-the-art is presented including commercial available systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app2030602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]],"date-time":"2012-07-02T10:57:40Z","timestamp":1341226660000},"page":"602-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Optical Current Sensors for High Power Systems: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dept F\u00edsica e Astronomia da faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dept F\u00edsica e Astronomia da faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Compet\u00eancia de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Lobo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, R. Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Dept F\u00edsica e Astronomia da faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1145537","article-title":"Recent progress in optical current sensing techniques","volume":"66","author":"Ning","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. 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