{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:46:04Z","timestamp":1760240764285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BEX 0761\/12-5\/2012-2015","99999.008578\/2014-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEX 0761\/12-5\/2012-2015","99999.008578\/2014-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/DTP-DES\/2481\/2013- FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-041981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/DTP-DES\/2481\/2013- FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-041981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010784","name":"Banco Santander","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP\/IJUP2011\/123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP\/IJUP2011\/123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomechanical tools capable of detecting external forces in swimming starts and turns have been developed since 1970. This study described the development and validation of a three-dimensional (six-degrees of freedom) instrumented block for swimming starts and turns. Seven force plates, a starting block, an underwater structure, one pair of handgrips and feet supports for starts were firstly designed, numerically simulated, manufactured and validated according to the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Natation rules. Static and dynamic force plate simulations revealed deformations between 290 to 376 \u00b5\u03b5 and 279 to 545 \u00b5\u03b5 in the anterior-posterior and vertical axis and 182 to 328.6 Hz resonance frequencies. Force plates were instrumented with 24 strain gauges each connected to full Wheatstone bridge circuits. Static and dynamic calibration revealed linearity (     R 2      between 0.97 and 0.99) and non-meaningful cross-talk between orthogonal (1%) axes. Laboratory and ecological validation revealed the similarity between force curve profiles. The need for discriminating each upper and lower limb force responses has implied a final nine-force plates solution with seven above and two underwater platforms. The instrumented block has given an unprecedented contribution to accurate external force measurements in swimming starts and turns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app9173559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T10:31:17Z","timestamp":1567161077000},"page":"3559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["3D Device for Forces in Swimming Starts and Turns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-9843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Human Performance Studies Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, 3000 Gal. Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos ave., South MiniCampus, Coroado I, Manaus 69077-000, Amazonas, Brazil"},{"name":"Human Motor Behaviour Studies Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas. 3000 Gal. Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos ave., South MiniCampus, Coroado I, Manaus 69077-000, Amazonas, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Superior Institute of Engineering of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 431, Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida st., 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lio","family":"Roesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Sports, Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, University of the State of Santa Catarina, 358 Pascoal Simone st., Coqueiros, Florian\u00f3polis 88080-350, Santa Catarina, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Viriato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias st., 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5516-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Human Performance Studies Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, 3000 Gal. Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos ave., South MiniCampus, Coroado I, Manaus 69077-000, Amazonas, Brazil"},{"name":"Human Motor Behaviour Studies Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas. 3000 Gal. Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio Jord\u00e3o Ramos ave., South MiniCampus, Coroado I, Manaus 69077-000, Amazonas, Brazil"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias st., 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, 91 Dr. Pl\u00e1cido Costa st., 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.736631","article-title":"The categorisation of swimming start performance with reference to force generation on the main block and footrest components of the Omega OSB11 start blocks","volume":"31","author":"Slawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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