{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:06:03Z","timestamp":1777550763803,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["810176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal conditions in mainland Portugal were evaluated using a new hourly database over the recent period of 2000\u20132018 (19 years). The number of hours within each different temperature interval was calculated from the long-term means of the hourly temperatures of a network of 63 meteorological stations. A geostatistical approach, using elevation, distance to coastline and latitude, was subsequently applied to provide gridded patterns at a high spatial resolution (1 km grid spacing). Eight fruit species (almond tree, carob tree, chestnut tree, citrus fruits, cork oaks, holm oaks, olive trees, and grapevines) were selected to assess their hourly thermal growing conditions. The results highlight the strong spatial variability of temperature levels in mainland Portugal, providing new insights into their spatial distribution. The number of hours in the year with cool conditions (4\u201312 \u00b0C) is higher in the northern-central regions, mainly in mountainous areas. Additionally, the number of hours in the year with temperate conditions (12\u201320 \u00b0C) emphasizes the importance of the distance to the coastline (maritime influence). The warm conditions (20\u201328 \u00b0C) are most prevalent in the south of the country and in the Douro valley, whereas the very warm conditions (number of hours with temperature between 28\u201336 \u00b0C) are essentially restricted to inner-southern Portugal and to the upper Douro valley. This study also reveals, with high accuracy, the thermal growing conditions of main fruit species in mainland Portugal, giving particular emphasis to olive trees and grapevines. These findings may help decision support systems providing more reliable and accurate guidelines to stakeholders, decision-makers, and farmers. The main maps are available in a widely used file format (shapefile), thus allowing their application to a wide range of other areas of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:52:26Z","timestamp":1568112746000},"page":"3782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessment of Growing Thermal Conditions of Main Fruit Species in Portugal Based on Hourly Records from a Weather Station Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6609-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Belo-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fonseca, A.R., and Santos, J.A. (2017). High resolution temperature datasets in Portugal from a geostatistical approach: variability and extremes. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3803","article-title":"Trends in seasonal surface air temperature in mainland Portugal, since 1941","volume":"34","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.10.001","article-title":"Recent changes in daily precipitation and surface air temperature extremes in mainland Portugal, in the period 1941\u20132007","volume":"127","author":"Santo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4357","article-title":"Bioclimatological mapping tackling uncertainty propagation: Application to mainland Portugal","volume":"36","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12574","article-title":"Where, why and how? Explaining the low-temperature range limits of temperate tree species","volume":"104","author":"Basler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2015.08.001","article-title":"Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development","volume":"10","author":"Hatfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1835-6","article-title":"Climate change impacts on thermal growing conditions of main fruit species in Portugal","volume":"140","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-014-0220-8","article-title":"Determination of Heat Requirements and Effective Heat Summations of Some Pomegranate Cultivars Grown in Southern Anatolia","volume":"56","author":"Ikinci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Erwerbs-Obstbau"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2014","article-title":"Continental-scale phenology: Warming and chilling","volume":"30","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.09.006","article-title":"Statistical identification of chilling and heat requirements for apricot flower buds in Beijing, China","volume":"195","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.02.030","article-title":"Chilling and heat requirements for local and foreign almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cultivars in a warm Mediterranean location based on 30 years of phenology records","volume":"239","author":"Benmoussa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-018-2337-5","article-title":"Climate change projections for chilling and heat forcing conditions in European vineyards and olive orchards: A multi-model assessment","volume":"152","author":"Fraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Change."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-012-0594-y","article-title":"Identification of chilling and heat requirements of cherry trees\u2014A statistical approach","volume":"57","author":"Luedeling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2008.01.003","article-title":"Chilling and heat requirements of sweet cherry cultivars and the relationship between altitude and the probability of satisfying the chill requirements","volume":"64","author":"Alburquerque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.12.043","article-title":"The first report: Chilling and heat requirements of seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L. var. asperma)","volume":"231","author":"Montazeran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2014.07.042","article-title":"Comparison of methods for estimation of chilling and heat requirements of nectarine and peach genotypes for flowering","volume":"177","author":"Valentini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Vale, M.J. (2014). Uso e Ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do Solo em Portugal Continental, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Territ\u00f3rio."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"INE (2018). Vegetable Production Statistics."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpu055","article-title":"Role of hydraulic and chemical signals in leaves, stems and roots in the stomatal behaviour of olive trees under water stress and recovery conditions","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.10.024","article-title":"Changes in the physiological response between leaves and fruits during a moderate water stress in table olive trees","volume":"148","author":"Corell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.10.023","article-title":"Viticultural irrigation demands under climate change scenarios in Portugal","volume":"196","author":"Fraga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-006-0264-2","article-title":"Monthly precipitation mapping of the Iberian Peninsula using spatial interpolation tools implemented in a Geographic Information System","volume":"89","author":"Ninyerola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"205","article-title":"A Precise Method for Determining Contoured Surfaces","volume":"22","author":"Philip","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aust. Pet. Explor. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"315","article-title":"A Refinement of Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation","volume":"2","author":"Watson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Geoprocessing"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"495","article-title":"O Ambiente Clim\u00e1tico","volume":"Volume I","author":"Medeiros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geografia de Portugal Vol. I\u2014Ambiente F\u00edsico"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-016-0980-9","article-title":"Implications of future bioclimatic shifts on Portuguese forests","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2016143-9323","article-title":"A GIS-based multivariate clustering for characterization and ecoregion mapping from a viticultural perspective","volume":"14","author":"Moral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2014.885853","article-title":"Natural terroir units, Siena province, Tuscany","volume":"10","author":"Priori","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1051\/ctv\/20173202142","article-title":"Multivariate Clustering of Viticultural Terroirs in the Douro Winemaking Region","volume":"32","author":"Fraga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia T\u00e9c. Vitiv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.10.003","article-title":"Budburst model performance: The effect of the spatial resolution of temperature data sets","volume":"200","author":"Olsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2443-3","article-title":"New insights into thermal growing conditions of Portuguese grapevine varieties under changing climates","volume":"135","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2016.10.002","article-title":"Mapping the sensitivity of citrus crops to freeze stress using a geographical information system in Ramsar, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Zabihi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Batlle, I., and Tous, J. (1997). Carob Tree. Ceratonia siliqua L., Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben\/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conedera, M., Barthold, F., Torriani, D., and Pezzatti, G.B. (2009, January 13\u201316). Drought sensitivity of Castanea Sativa: Case study of summer 2003 in the southern alps. Proceedings of the I European Congress on Chestnut\u2014Castanea 2009, Cuneo, Italy.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.866.36"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rod\u00e0, F., Retana, J., Gracia, C.A., and Bellot, J. (1999). Holm Oak and Holm Oak forests: An introduction. Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58618-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9391","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD028200","article-title":"An Ensemble Version of the E-OBS Temperature and Precipitation Data Sets","volume":"123","author":"Cornes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/9\/18\/3782\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:18:16Z","timestamp":1760188696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/9\/18\/3782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["app9183782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9183782","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]}}}