{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T11:54:25Z","timestamp":1769946865271,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2013; UID\/AMB\/50017; IF\/ 00407\/2013\/CP1162\/CT0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04423\/2013; UID\/AMB\/50017; IF\/ 00407\/2013\/CP1162\/CT0023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The textile industry has an important role in the economic development of several countries; however, it consumes large amounts of water and generates huge quantities of wastewater. These effluents are of great environmental concern due to their complex chemical content, known by their toxicity and low biodegradability, which can cause harmful effects to the aquatic environment. In the present study, bioassays with aquatic species were employed to evaluate the toxicity of effluent samples collected before and after the treatments performed by the textile company. The toxic effects were investigated using four organisms, namely Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, to represent different trophic levels. The ecotoxicological data confirmed that the raw textile effluent was very toxic, with A. fischeri being the most sensitive organism. While the toxicity of the effluent collected after the treatment performed by the textile company was clearly reduced, we still recorded sublethal toxicity to D. magna. These results highlight the importance of the bioassays for continuous monitoring of the toxicity of the treated effluents to prevent adverse effects on the environment. Further, results suggest that ecotoxicological data should be required in parallel with chemical data to better evaluate the safety of environmental discharges of wastewaters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T11:26:34Z","timestamp":1568201194000},"page":"3804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Evaluation of the Potential Toxicity of Effluents from the Textile Industry before and after Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CIIMAR, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3660-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rocha-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and GreenUPorto, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.09.025","article-title":"Ben Enhancement of textile wastewater treatment process using Nanofiltration","volume":"286","author":"Ellouze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.02.096","article-title":"Investigation of the relation between COD fractions and the toxicity in a textile finishing industry wastewater: Effect of preozonation","volume":"211","author":"Eremektar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.04.086","article-title":"A comparative study on characterization of textile wastewaters (untreated and treated) toxicity by chemical and biological tests","volume":"69","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233708095769","article-title":"Acute toxicity assessment of textile dyes and textile and dye industrial effluents using Daphnia magna bioassay","volume":"24","author":"Verma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.12.001","article-title":"Evaluation of toxicity, genotoxicity and environmental risk of simulated textile and tannery wastewaters with a battery of biotests","volume":"74","author":"Tigini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.09.007","article-title":"Combination of chemical and enzymatic treatment for efficient decolorization\/degradation of textile effluent: High operational stability of the continuous process","volume":"93","author":"Chhabra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.205","article-title":"Wastewater effluent characteristics from Moroccan textile industry","volume":"67","author":"Mountassir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"5427","article-title":"Photochemical treatments of textile industries wastewater","volume":"24","author":"Hussein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(11)61030-9","article-title":"Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.07.006","article-title":"Identification of toxicity variations in a stream affected by industrial effluents using Daphnia magna and Ulva pertusa","volume":"260","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.05.004","article-title":"Degradation of a persistent organic dye from colored textile wastewater by ozonation","volume":"260","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"V Production, Characterization and Treatment of Textile Effluents: A Critical Review","volume":"5","author":"Ghaly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Process Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.05.120","article-title":"Toxicity studies in a chemical dye production industry in Turkey","volume":"138","author":"Sponza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2000). EC Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Communities, L327, 1\u201373."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2001). EC Decision no 2455\/2001\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November of 2001 establishing the list of priority substances in the field of water policy and amending Directive 2000\/60\/EC. Off. J. Eur. Communities, L331, 1\u20135."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2008). EC Directive 2008\/105\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December of 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82\/176\/EEC, 83\/513\/EEC, 84\/156\/EEC, 84\/491\/E. Off. J. Eur. Communities, L348, 84\u201397."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4013","article-title":"Use of prospective and retrospective risk assessment methods that simplify chemical mixtures associated with treated domestic wastewater discharges","volume":"37","author":"Diamond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-015-1425-9","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of raw and treated effluents generated by a veterinary pharmaceutical company: A comparison of the sensitivities of different standardized tests","volume":"24","author":"Maselli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Azur Environmental (1998). Microtox Omnio Manual, Azur Environmental."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"OECD (2006). No. 201, Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190105","article-title":"Modifications to the algal growth inhibition test for use as a regulatory assay","volume":"19","author":"Geis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD (2006). No. 221, Lemna sp. Growth inhibition test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264016194-en"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"ASTM (1980). Standard Pratice for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates and Amphibians, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Baird, D., Soares, A., Girling, A., and Barber, I. (1988, January 17\u201319). The long-term maintenance of Daphnia magna Straus for use in ecotoxicity tests: Problems and prospects. Proceedings of the first European Conference on Ecotoxicology, Lyngby, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"OECD (2004). No. 202, Daphnia sp., acute immobilization test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620210612","article-title":"Postexposure feeding depression: A new toxicity endpoint for use in laboratory studies with Daphnia magna","volume":"21","author":"McWilliam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"INETI (2000). Guia T\u00e9cnico do Sector t\u00e9Xtil, INETI."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(1998). ME Decree-Law 236\/98 Portuguese Legislation on Water Quality from the MInistry of Environment. D. Rep\u00fab., 176, 3676\u20133722."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00506-1","article-title":"Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation of textile effluents","volume":"36","author":"Torrades","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106167","article-title":"The estrogenicity of bisphenol A-related diphenylalkanes with various substituents at the central carbon and the hydroxy groups","volume":"106","author":"Perez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(97)00090-3","article-title":"Analysis of industrial effluents to determine endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"16","author":"Castillo","year":"1997","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)00828-X","article-title":"Characterisation of organic pollutants in textile wastewaters and landfill leachate by using toxicity-based fractionation methods followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection","volume":"426","author":"Castillo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"346","article-title":"A comparison of the toxicity and metabolism of phenol and chlorinated phenols by Lemna gibba, with special reference to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407469","article-title":"Comparative assessment of toxicity of phenol, formaldehyde, and industrial wastewater to aquatic organisms","volume":"97","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water. Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620210703","article-title":"Aquatic toxicity of triclosan","volume":"21","author":"Orvos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1897\/07-541.1","article-title":"Hormesis: Why it is important to toxicology and toxicologists","volume":"27","author":"Calabrese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)00634-8","article-title":"Fractionation and toxicity evaluation of waste waters","volume":"889","author":"Galassi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(99)00034-3","article-title":"Evaluation of Daphnia magna as an indicator of toxicity and treatment efficacy of textile wastewaters","volume":"25","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.028","article-title":"A Daphnia magna feeding bioassay as a cost effective and ecological relevant sublethal toxicity test for Environmental Risk Assessment of toxic effluents","volume":"405","author":"Barata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00455-9","article-title":"The importance of light intensity in algal tests with coloured substances","volume":"36","author":"Cleuvers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20042","article-title":"Use of freshwater algae and duckweeds for phytotoxicity testing","volume":"19","author":"Blinova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/9\/18\/3804\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:18:48Z","timestamp":1760188728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/9\/18\/3804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["app9183804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9183804","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]}}}