{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:50:46Z","timestamp":1769068246804,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-compacting concrete (SCC) shows to have some specificities when compared to normal vibrated concrete (NVC), namely higher cement paste dosage and smaller volume of coarse aggregates. In addition, the maximum size of coarse aggregates is also reduced in SCC to prevent blocking effect. Such specificities are likely to affect the results of non-destructive tests when compared to those obtained in NVC with similar compressive strength and materials. This study evaluates the applicability of some non-destructive tests to estimate the compressive strength of SCC. Selected tests included the ultrasonic pulse velocity test (PUNDIT), the surface hardness test (Schmidt rebound hammer type N), the pull-out test (Lok-test), and the concrete maturity test (COMA-meter). Seven sets of SCC specimens were produced in the laboratory from a single mixture and subjected to standard curing. The tests were applied at different ages, namely: 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 94 days. The concrete compressive strength ranged from 45 MPa (at 24 h) to 97 MPa (at 94 days). Correlations were established between the non-destructive test results and the concrete compressive strength. A test variability analysis was performed and the 95% confidence limits for the obtained correlations were computed. The obtained results for SCC showed good correlations between the concrete compressive strength and the non-destructive tests results, although some differences exist when compared to the correlations obtained for NVC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app9235109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T10:57:27Z","timestamp":1574765847000},"page":"5109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evaluation of Self-Compacting Concrete Strength with Non-Destructive Tests for Concrete Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3865-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel C. S.","family":"Nepomuceno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MADE\u2014Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds F. A.","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C-MADE\u2014Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bungey, J.H., and Millard, S.G. (1996). Testing of Concrete in Structures, Chapman & Hall. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203487839"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Krenchel, H., and Petersen, C.G. (1984, January 2\u20135). In-situ Pullout Testing with Lok-test. Ten Years\u2019 Experience. 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Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.129","article-title":"Factors affecting the reliability of assessing the concrete strength by rebound hammer and cores","volume":"140","author":"Alwash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.113","article-title":"Extensive statistical analysis of the variability of concrete rebound hardness based on a large database of 60 years experience","volume":"53","author":"Zsigovics","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.085","article-title":"Nehme. Repeatability of the rebound surface hardness of concrete with alteration of concrete parameters","volume":"131","author":"Salem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. 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Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.143","article-title":"Maximum coarse aggregate\u2019s volume fraction in self-compacting concrete for different flow restrictions","volume":"113","author":"Nepomuceno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"NP EN 206-9:2010 (2010). Regras adicionais para o bet\u00e3o autocompact\u00e1vel (BAC), Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"EN 12390-2:2000 (2000). Testing Hardened Concrete\u2014Part 2: Making and Curing Specimens for Strength Tests, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"British Standard BS 1881-201:1986 (1986). Testing Concrete: Guide to the Use of Non-Destructive Methods of Test for Hardened Concrete, British Standards Institution."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bungey, J.H. (1981). Concrete Strength Variations and In-place Testing. 2nd Australian Conference on Engineering Materials, University of New South Wales."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/9\/23\/5109\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:37:30Z","timestamp":1760189850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/9\/23\/5109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["app9235109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9235109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]}}}