{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:21:33Z","timestamp":1772209293263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INEGI-LAETA","award":["FCT project UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT project UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ASI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endodontic reciprocating motors are largely used to support a series of procedures in dentistry treatments, useful for those different circular movement patterns. In the last years, different motors have been available on the market, with varying costs and promised performance for the users; however, since their reciprocating angles and rotation speeds may have significant outcomes on the employed endodontic files, there should be an affordable and practical way to assess the actual performance of such motors concerning their expected operation. Actually, endodontic files attached to reciprocating motors will move too fast to be easily accounted, which has fostered the development of computational methods to allow the proper validation of their movements according to their official datasheets. In this scenario, this paper describes a feasible method to detect the movement patterns of different reciprocating endodontic motors by the processing of a set of consecutive images taken by a high-speed camera. The performed experiments for three different off-the-shelf reciprocating endodontic motors showed that their actual movement characteristics are slightly different from their specifications, and that each considered motor has a particular movement pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/asi5040068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1657280228000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Computer-Assisted Approach to Assess the Precision of the Reciprocating Angles and the Rotation Speeds of Endodontic Motors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evaldo A.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7104-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila T. B. L.","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"De-Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-140, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Sim\u00f5es-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-140, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel J. N. L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24020-140, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2013.40.3.194","article-title":"Are friends electric? A review of the electric handpiece in clinical dental practice","volume":"40","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Update"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Byad, H., Hakim, S., Ezzahmouly, M., Ed-Dhahraouy, M., El Moutaouakkil, A., and Hatim, Z. (2019, January 23\u201324). Application of Image Processing in Dentistry: Evaluation of bone regeneration. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things, Rabat, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1145\/3372938.3372995"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Kishawi, M., Khalaf, K., and Winning, T. (2021). Understanding Motor Skill Learning as Related to Dentistry. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202104.0309.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01756.x","article-title":"Extended cyclic fatigue life of F2 ProTaper instruments used in reciprocating movement","volume":"43","author":"Moreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.08.040","article-title":"Lifespan of one nickel-titanium rotary file with reciprocating motion in curved root canals","volume":"36","author":"You","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02036.x","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue analysis of twisted file rotary NiTi instruments used in reciprocating motion","volume":"45","author":"Gambarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01351.x","article-title":"Canal preparation using only one Ni-Ti rotary instrument: Preliminary observations","volume":"41","author":"Yared","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.06.031","article-title":"Microtomography-based comparison of reciprocating single-file F2 ProTaper technique versus rotary full sequence","volume":"37","author":"Zehnder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02015.x","article-title":"Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments","volume":"45","author":"Plotino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.08.010","article-title":"Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Nickel-Titanium Reciprocating Instruments after Simulated Clinical Use","volume":"46","author":"Duque","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.05.021","article-title":"Shaping ability of reciprocating motion in curved root canals: A comparative study with micro\u2013computed tomography","volume":"37","author":"You","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.12.007","article-title":"Effect of altering the reciprocation range on the fatigue life and the shaping ability of WaveOne nickel-titanium instruments","volume":"39","author":"Saber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.04.003","article-title":"Influence of rotational speed on the cyclic fatigue of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"35","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.05.019","article-title":"Influence of different angles of reciprocation on the cyclic fatigue of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments","volume":"38","author":"Gambarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2015.2510084","article-title":"A Survey on Gaussian Processes for Earth-Observation Data Analysis: A Comprehensive Investigation","volume":"4","author":"Verrelst","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.12.003","article-title":"Texture analysis for ulcer detection in capsule endoscopy images","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2019.102805","article-title":"A survey on deep learning based face recognition","volume":"189","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2012.05.033","article-title":"A Survey on Various Edge Detector Techniques","volume":"4","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2562118","article-title":"Fabrication of Two Different Probe Architectures for Ultra-Compact Image Sensors for Root Canal Observations","volume":"16","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2258151","article-title":"Force Sensor Design and Measurement for Endodontic Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Tsao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Pacquet, W., Tapie, L., Mawussi, B., and Boitelle, P. (2021). Volumetric and dimensional accuracy assessment of CAD-CAM\u2013manufactured dental prostheses from different materials. J. Prosthet. Dent., in press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2021.100244","article-title":"OctopusNet: Machine learning for intelligent management of surgical tools","volume":"23","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2545702","article-title":"Crown Segmentation From Computed Tomography Images With Metal Artifacts","volume":"23","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769639","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/769639","article-title":"Biomedical informatics for computer-aided decision support systems: A survey","volume":"2013","author":"Belle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2011.03.003","article-title":"A survey on image-based continuum-body motion estimation","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobrza\u0144ski, L.A., and Dobrza\u0144ski, L.B. (2020). Dentistry 4.0 Concept in the Design and Manufacturing of Prosthetic Dental Restorations. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8050525"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.12.008","article-title":"Kinematics of 2 reciprocating endodontic motors: The difference between actual and set values","volume":"40","author":"Fidler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000640","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of new and used reciprocating endodontic motors in 2 different modes","volume":"41","author":"Irmak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atencio, Y.P., Marin, J.H., Holguin, E.H., Yanqui, F.T., and Cabrera, M.I. (2021, January 7\u20138). Image Processing Techniques for Medical Applications. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), Mauritius, Mauritius.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCME52200.2021.9591045"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parveen, S., and Shah, J. (2021, January 4\u20136). A Motion Detection System in Python and Opencv. Proceedings of the 2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV), Tirunelveli, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICV50876.2021.9388404"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, January 03). VDW Dental Motors. Available online: http:\/\/https:\/\/www.vdw-dental.com\/en\/products\/motors\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, January 03). Hunan Beyond Medical Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.hnbyond.com\/Endo-motor."}],"container-title":["Applied System Innovation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-5577\/5\/4\/68\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:44:14Z","timestamp":1760139854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-5577\/5\/4\/68"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["asi5040068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/asi5040068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2571-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2571-5577","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]}}}