{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:34:02Z","timestamp":1775176442263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["02\/SAICT\/2016 \u2013 Project n\u00ba 23222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/SAICT\/2016 \u2013 Project n\u00ba 23222"]}]},{"name":"Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment and control of microbial contamination in health care facilities is presently a mandatory and vital part of strategies to prevent and control hospital-acquired infections. This study aims to assess the bioburden with two passive sampling methods (30 ventilations grids swabs and 16 electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs)) at Clinical Pathology Services. The fungal burden was characterized through molecular tools, antifungal resistance, and the mycotoxins and cytotoxicity profile. Total bacteria presented the highest prevalence in both matrixes, whereas Gram-bacteria presented the lowest. Swabs presented a higher prevalence (27.6%) for fungal burden. Chrysonilia sitophila presented the highest prevalence in swabs, whereas for EDCs, C. sitophila and Mucor sp. were the most prevalent. Concerning Aspergillus genera on swabs, section Flavi was the one with the highest prevalence (58.02%), whereas, for EDCs, section Versicolores was the only section observed (100%). Aspergillus section Fumigati was detected in 10 swabs and 7 EDC samples and Aspergillus section Versicolores was detected in one EDC sample. Fungal growth on azole-supplemented media was observed in eight EDC samples. No mycotoxins were detected in any of the samples. A low cytotoxic effect was observed in two sites upon incubation of collected samples with A549 and SK cells and in two other sites upon incubation of collected samples with SK cells only. A medium cytotoxic effect was observed with one EDC sample upon incubation with A549 cells. This study reinforces the need of determination of the azole resistance profile for fungal species and allowed a preliminary risk characterization regarding the cytotoxicity. An intervention including the use of a ultraviolet with wavelength between 200 nm and 280 nm (UVC)\u2014emitting device and an increased maintenance and cleaning of the central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems should be ensured to promote the reduction of microbial contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T05:05:13Z","timestamp":1586149513000},"page":"351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bioburden Assessment by Passive Methods on a Clinical Pathology Service in One Central Hospital from Lisbon: What Can it Tell Us Regarding Patients and Staff Exposure?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Twaru\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85\u2013064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2533-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Aranha","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anita Quintal","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kosicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85\u2013064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Soszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85\u2013064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&amp;TRC\u2014Health &amp; Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.06.006","article-title":"Nosocomial infections and hospital mortality: A multicentre epidemiological study","volume":"58","author":"Kaoutar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalski, W. (2017). Hospital Airborne Infection Control, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11288"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00619.x","article-title":"Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking","volume":"20","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J.W., Nicolle, A., Pantelic, J., Koh, G.C., De Wang, L., Amin, M., Klettner, C.A., Cheong, D.K.W., Sekhar, C., and Tham, K.W. (2012). Airflow Dynamics of Coughing in Healthy Human Volunteers by Shadowgraph Imaging: An Aid to Aerosol Infection Control. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034818"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J.W., Nicolle, A.D., Klettner, C.A., Pantelic, J., Wang, L., Bin Suhaimi, A., Tan, A.Y.L., Ong, G.W.X., Su, R., and Sekhar, C. (2013). Airflow Dynamics of Human Jets: Sneezing and Breathing\u2014Potential Sources of Infectious Aerosols. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059970"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.07.024","article-title":"Monitoring of indoor air parameters in large museum exhibition halls with and without air-conditioning systems","volume":"107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.10.004","article-title":"Quelles mesures pour ma\u00eetriser le risque infectieux chez les patients immunod\u00e9prim\u00e9s? Recommandations formalis\u00e9es d\u2019experts","volume":"27","author":"Zahar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1039\/b718909e","article-title":"Characteristics of dwellings contaminated by moulds","volume":"10","author":"Roussel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3934\/environsci.2016.1.77","article-title":"Influence of everyday activities and presence of people in common indoor environments on exposure to airborne fungi","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000372","article-title":"Comparison of methods for assessing temporal variation of growth of fungi on building materials","volume":"162","author":"Reponen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2017.1334901","article-title":"Aspergillus spp. prevalence in different Portuguese occupational environments: What is the real scenario in high load settings?","volume":"14","author":"Viegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106226","article-title":"Bioburden in health care centers: Is the compliance with Portuguese legislation enough to prevent and control infection?","volume":"160","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-018-0650-9","article-title":"Electrostatic dust collector: A passive screening method to assess occupational exposure to organic dust in primary health care centers","volume":"12","author":"Viegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Heal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.4","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A new challenge in the management of invasive aspergillosis?","volume":"6","author":"Snelders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999","article-title":"Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security","volume":"360","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2001.0998","article-title":"Relationship between environmental fungal contamination and the incidence of invasive aspergillosis in haematology patients","volume":"48","author":"Alberti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2006.10.002","article-title":"Ma\u00eetrise du risque fongique environnemental dans les \u00e9tablissements de sant\u00e9","volume":"16","author":"Gangneux","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"545","article-title":"Adverse Health Effects of Indoor Moulds\/\u0160tetni Zdravstveni U\u010dinci Plijesni Unutarnjih Prostora","volume":"63","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"9","article-title":"Organic dust induced pulmonary disease\u2014The role of mould derived beta-glucan","volume":"17","author":"Rylander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.674919","article-title":"Assessment of Airborne Exposure to Endotoxin and Pyrogenic Active Dust Using Electrostatic Dustfall Collectors (EDCs)","volume":"75","author":"Liebers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Part A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2003.98","article-title":"The Neurological Significance of Abnormal Natural Killer Cell Activity in Chronic Toxigenic Mold Exposures","volume":"3","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gniadek, A., Krzy\u015bciak, P., Twaru\u017cek, M., and Macura, A. (2017). Occurrence of fungi and cytotoxicity of the species: Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus isolated from the air of hospital wards. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health.","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.00841"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy070","article-title":"Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins: Current Knowledge and Prospects","volume":"62","author":"Viegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expos. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"National Health Service (1994). Design Considerations: Ventilation in Healthcare Premises, Health Technical Memorandum 2025, National Health Service Estates."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"AIA (2001). Guidelines for de Sign and Construction of Hospital and Health Care Facilities, AIA Press."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"American Society of Heating, and Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (2003). HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chinn, R.Y.W., and Sehulster, L. (2003). Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities, Recommendations of CDC and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.11.008","article-title":"Cleaning the air with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation lessened contact infections in a long-term acute care hospital","volume":"46","author":"Ethington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31588-4","article-title":"Enhanced terminal room disinfection and acquisition and infection caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridium difficile (the Benefits of Enhanced Terminal Room Disinfection study): A cluster-randomised, multicentre, crossover study","volume":"389","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1086\/656244","article-title":"Room decontamination with UV radiation","volume":"31","author":"Rutala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Health Quality Ontario (2018). Portable Ultraviolet Light Surface-Disinfecting Devices for Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Health Technology Assessment. Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser., 18, 1\u201373."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00250-7","article-title":"Quantification of the copy number of nor-1, a gene of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by real-time PCR, and its correlation to the cfu of Aspergillus flavus in foods","volume":"82","author":"Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2000.0343","article-title":"Detection and quantitation of Aspergillus fumigatus in pure culture using polymerase chain reaction","volume":"15","author":"Buttner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, January 08). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), About the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), (n.d.), Available online: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/nerlcwww\/moldtech.html."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.03.017","article-title":"Beyond high-touch surfaces: Portable equipment and floors as potential sources of transmission of health care\u2013associated pathogens","volume":"47","author":"Donskey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1086\/500622","article-title":"A Study of the Relationship Between Environmental Contamination with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Patients\u2019 Acquisition of MRSA","volume":"27","author":"Hardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70241-4","article-title":"Importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition: The case for hospital cleaning","volume":"8","author":"Dancer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.189-208.2003","article-title":"Potential Impact of Increased Use of Biocides in Consumer Products on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"16","author":"Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00833-8","article-title":"Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: The relevance of laboratory findings to clinical and environmental situations","volume":"3","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"307","article-title":"Antimicrobial biocides in the healthcare environment: Efficacy, usage, policies, and perceived problems","volume":"1","author":"Maillard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(07)60018-8","article-title":"Bacterial resistance to biocides in the healthcare environment: Should it be of genuine concern?","volume":"65","author":"Maillard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0339-8","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance and biocide resistance in Escherichia coli environmental isolates from hospital and household settings","volume":"7","author":"Ghanem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx075","article-title":"First Metagenomic Survey of the Microbial Diversity in Bioaerosols Emitted in Waste Sorting Plants","volume":"61","author":"Degois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Work Expo. Heal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.345","article-title":"Fungal aerosols at dairy farms using molecular and culture techniques","volume":"653","author":"Mbareche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0808853","article-title":"Aspergillosis","volume":"360","author":"Segal","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viegas, C., Almeida, B., Monteiro, A., Paci\u00eancia, I., Rufo, J.C., Carolino, E., Quintal-Gomes, A., Twaru\u017cek, M., Kosicki, R., and Marchand, G. (2019). Settled dust assessment in clinical environment: Useful for the evaluation of a wider bioburden spectrum. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2019.1634799"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0545-5","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the human lung cancer cell line, A549","volume":"85","author":"Foldbjerg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MT00031A","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the cellular effect of indium tin oxide nanoparticles using the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells","volume":"7","author":"Tabei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heussner, A.H., and Dietrich, D.R. (2013). Primary porcine proximal tubular cells as an alternative to human primary renal cells in vitro: An initial characterization. BMC Cell Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-14-55"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)01805-3","article-title":"Bio-aerosols in indoor environment: Composition, health effects and analysis","volume":"26","author":"Srikanth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12495","article-title":"Microbiological air quality in office buildings equipped with dventilation systems","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indoor Air"}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/11\/4\/351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:15:08Z","timestamp":1760174108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/11\/4\/351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos11040351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos11040351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]]}}}