{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:14:01Z","timestamp":1774865641649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Mediterranean region, climate change is likely to generate an increase in water demand and the deterioration of its quality. The adoption of precision viticulture and the best available techniques aiming at sustainable production, minimizing the impact on natural resources and reducing production costs, has therefore been a goal of winegrowers. In this work, the water footprint (WFP) in the wine sector was evaluated, from the vineyard to the bottle, through the implementation of a methodology based on field experiments and life cycle assessment (LCA) on two Portuguese case studies. Regarding direct water footprint, it ranged from 366 to 899 L\/FU (0.75 L bottle), with green water being the most significant component, representing more than 50% of the overall water footprint. The approach used in the current study revealed that although more than 97.5% of the water footprint is associated with vineyard, the winery stage is responsible for more than 75% of the global warming potential indicator. A linear correlation between the carbon footprint and the indirect blue water footprint was also observed for both case studies. Climate change is expected to cause an earlier and prolonged water stress period, resulting in an increase of about 40% to 82% of blue WFP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11090934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T11:53:49Z","timestamp":1598874829000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Water Footprint Sustainability as a Tool to Address Climate Change in the Wine Sector: A Methodological Approach Applied to a Portuguese Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Presumido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-153 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria. P\u00f3lo de Dois Portos\/Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Vitivin\u00edcola Nacional, Quinta da Almoinha, 1565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Feliciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-153 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ISA\u2014Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"COTR\u2014Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio, Quinta da Sa\u00fade, Apartado 354, 7801-904 Santiago Maior, Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro Oliveira e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAB, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 6155, 7800-195 Beja, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para a Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Recursos End\u00f3genos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Dam\u00e1sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria. P\u00f3lo de Dois Portos\/Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Vitivin\u00edcola Nacional, Quinta da Almoinha, 1565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ram\u00f4a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAB, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 6155, 7800-195 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-153 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Albertina","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"CIEQV\u2014Life Quality Research Centre, Avenida Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares N\u00ba 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anabela","family":"Grifo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"CIEQV\u2014Life Quality Research Centre, Avenida Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares N\u00ba 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Castro","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-153 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adelaide","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-9568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 1001-904 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"CIEQV\u2014Life Quality Research Centre, Avenida Dr. M\u00e1rio Soares N\u00ba 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal"},{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, IIFA-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Mira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESAS, UIIPS\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Santar\u00e9m, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. 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