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This study identifies and characterizes the dry and wet climate periods at domain-scale occurring over the eastern South America (ESA) during 1980\u20132018 through the multi-scalar Standardized Precipitation\u2013Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). For this study, the spatial extent of ESA was defined according to a Lagrangian approach for moisture analysis. It consists of the major continental sink of the moisture transported from the South Atlantic Ocean throughout the year, comprising the Amazonia, central Brazil, and the southeastern continental areas. The SPEI for 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of accumulation was calculated using monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration time series averaged on ESA. The analysis of the climate periods followed two different approaches: classification of the monthly SPEI values as mild, moderate, severe, and extreme; the computation of the events and their respective parameters (duration, severity, intensity, and peak). The results indicate that wet periods prevailed in the 1990s and 2000s, while dry conditions predominated in the 2010s, when the longest and more severe dry events have been identified at the four scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12020155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T12:03:57Z","timestamp":1611662637000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dry and Wet Climate Periods over Eastern South America: Identification and Characterization through the SPEI Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Drumond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Qu\u00edmicas e Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6783-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Campo Grande, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8984-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), CIM-Uvigo, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), CIM-Uvigo, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6677-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida L. R.","family":"Liberato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Campo Grande, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8641-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theotonio","family":"Pauliquevis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Qu\u00edmicas e Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Qu\u00edmicas e Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8796-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tercio","family":"Ambrizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, IAG, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-090, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pachauri, R.K., and Meyer, L.A. 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