{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:36:43Z","timestamp":1768833403296,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","award":["ESTeSL\/IPL\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESTeSL\/IPL\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05608\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/05608\/2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05608\/2020."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The higher education sector represents a unique environment and it acts as a work environment, a learning environment for students, and frequently, also a home environment. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial contamination (SARS-CoV-2, fungi, and bacteria) in Higher Education Facilities (HEI) by using active and passive sampling methods and combining culture-based methods with molecular tools targeting Aspergillus section Fumigati. In addition, the resistance to azole profile was also assessed. Surface samples showed a range of total bacterial contamination between 1 \u00d7 103 to 3.1 \u00d7 106 CFU\u00b7m\u22122, while Gram-negative bacteria ranged from 0 to 1.9 \u00d7 104 CFU\u00b7m\u22122. Fungal contamination ranged from 2 \u00d7 103 to 1.8 \u00d7 105 CFU\u00b7m\u22122 on MEA, and from 5 \u00d7 103 to 1.7 \u00d7 105 CFU\u00b7m\u22122 on DG18. The most prevalent species found on both media was Cladosporium sp. (47.36% MEA; 32.33% DG18). Aspergillus genera was observed on MEA (3.21%) and DG18 (14.66%), but not in the supplemented media used for the azole screening. Aspergillus section Fumigati was detected in 2 air samples (2.22%, 2 out of 90 samples) by qPCR. When testing for SARS-CoV-2 all results were negative. The present study showed that although cleaning and disinfection procedures are done regularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, being effective in eliminating SARS-CoV-2, surfaces were often contaminated with microorganisms other than SARS-CoV-2. This can be a result of increasing resistance to biocides, and to the wide range of environmental factors that can contribute to the dissemination of microbial contamination indoors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12081079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T04:22:20Z","timestamp":1629692540000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Microbiological Contamination Assessment in Higher Education Institutes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6394-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Aranha Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4165-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Anita Quintal","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular Jo\u00e3o Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107203","article-title":"Field study of air environment perceptions and influencing factors in waiting spaces of general hospitals in winter cities","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. 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