{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:51:45Z","timestamp":1772797905352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the \u201cCNPq-Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico, Brazil","award":["558135\/2009-9\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["558135\/2009-9\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The energy distribution of natural rainfall droplets at different stages of canopy development in low-latitude semi-arid environments is still understudied. We assessed relationships between canopy development, gross rainfall (P) and throughfall (TF) characteristics in a tropical dry forest (TDF) with a total of 95 events of natural rain during December 2019\u2013July 2021, in Northeast Brazil. One disdrometer was installed in an open field to record the gross rainfall and another under the deciduous vegetation canopy to record the throughfall. At the onset of the rainy season with a low leaf density, a larger fraction of rainfall was converted into throughfall, which declines as the leaf density increases. For events higher than 3 mm, the number of TF drops was always higher than that of P and with smaller diameters, regardless of the stage of canopy development, which indicates fragmenting of the rain drops by the vegetation canopy. The insights of this study are useful to quantify the impact of canopy development stages of a TDF on the characteristics of rainfall reaching the soil forest. Since those characteristics affect the water balance and soil erosion at the hillslope scale, the information provided is crucial for water and soil management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13071126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T21:00:28Z","timestamp":1658091628000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Canopy Effects on Rainfall Partition and Throughfall Drop Size Distribution in a Tropical Dry Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Bandeira","family":"Brasil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1\u2013UFC, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eunice Maia de","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Federal University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Helba","family":"Ara\u00fajo de Queiroz Pal\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Cear\u00e1\u2014IFCE, Iguatu 63500-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Raga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Carvalho Ribeiro Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1\u2013UFC, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique Augusto","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Cear\u00e1\u2014IFCE, Iguatu 63500-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6774-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Simas","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-ENAS, University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13565","article-title":"Characterization of differential throughfall drop size distributions beneath European beech and Norway spruce","volume":"33","author":"Leuchner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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