{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:51:31Z","timestamp":1772491891826,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CILIFO","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FIREPOCTEP","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RH.VITA","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753-CILIFO-5-E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756-FIREPOCTEP-6-E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-05-3559-FSE-000074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0175\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04683\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in the large fire seasons induced by climate variability may have implications in several sectors of modern society. This communication aims to investigate possible changes in the behaviour of active fires during the wintertime and document an event that occurred in the transboundary mountainous region in the north-western Iberian Peninsula between Portugal and Spain on 28 January 2022. The VIIRS active fire data, a satellite product, were analysed for the period between December 2012 and February 2022. The Meso-NH model was used to explore the atmospheric conditions during the event that burned almost 2400 ha. It was configured in a single domain with a horizontal resolution of 1500 m (300 \u00d7 300 grid points). The study highlights an increase in fire occurrence during the winter of 2021\/22 and indicates that climate variability may create atmospheric conditions propitious for fire development even during the winter. The mild temperatures, dry air, and easterly flow affecting northern Portugal played an important role in the fire that occurred on 28 January 2022. Local orographic effects associated with downslope flow favoured fire propagation. Given the lack of knowledge about large winter fires, this study can be a starting point for future research on this subject.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13101677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]],"date-time":"2022-10-16T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1665954610000},"page":"1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Is Portugal Starting to Burn All Year Long? The Transboundary Fire in January 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Flavio T.","family":"Couto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRS Lab.), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippe L. M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRS Lab.), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1458-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRS Lab.), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRS Lab.), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Col\u00e9gio do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7000-645 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Purifica\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRS Lab.), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (ICT), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, Apart. 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRS Lab.), Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Escola de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-017-0049-x","article-title":"Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier mass loss","volume":"8","author":"Huss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1822-y","article-title":"Importance and vulnerability of the world\u2019s water towers","volume":"577","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EF002685","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF002685","article-title":"Fire and ice: The impact of wildfire-affected albedo and irradiance on glacier melt","volume":"10","author":"Bertoncini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.181","article-title":"Study of the exceptional meteorological conditions, trace gases and particulate matter measured during the 2017 forest fires in Do\u00f1ana Natural Park, Spain","volume":"645","author":"Adame","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29623-8","article-title":"New seasonal pattern of pollution emerges from changing North American wildfires","volume":"13","author":"Buchholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00344-6","article-title":"The season for large fires in Southern California is projected to lengthen in a changing climate","volume":"3","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-17-0167.1","article-title":"Climatological Variability of Fire Weather in Australia","volume":"57","author":"Dowdy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13514","article-title":"Warmer and drier conditions have increased the potential for large and severe fire seasons across south-eastern Australia","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12132-5","article-title":"Projections of wildfire weather danger in the Canary Islands","volume":"12","author":"Carrillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac462e","article-title":"Assessing the role of compound drought and heatwave events on unprecedented 2020 wildfires in the Pantanal","volume":"17","author":"Libonati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0111.1","article-title":"Chilean Wildfires: Probabilistic Prediction, Emergency Response, and Public Communication","volume":"99","author":"Dacre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089001","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089001","article-title":"Extreme pyroconvective updrafts during a megafire","volume":"47","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104993","article-title":"Lightning modelling for the research of forest fire ignition in Portugal","volume":"242","author":"Couto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, P., Silva, \u00c1.P., Viegas, D.X., Almeida, M., Raposo, J., and Ribeiro, L.M. (2022). Influence of Convectively Driven Flows in the Course of a Large Fire in Portugal: The Case of Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13030414"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couto, F.T., Salgado, R., and Guiomar, N. (2021). Forest Fires in Madeira Island and the Fire Weather Created by Orographic Effects. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12070827"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purifica\u00e7\u00e3o, C., Andrade, N., Potes, M., Salgueiro, V., Couto, F.T., and Salgado, R. (2022). Modelling the Atmospheric Environment Associated with a Wind-Driven Fire Event in Portugal. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13071124"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3727\/154427210X12741079930470","article-title":"In the Line of Fire: The Challenges of Managing Tourism Operations in the Victorian Alps","volume":"13","author":"Sanders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tour. Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2019.03.007","article-title":"Wildfire, national park visitation, and changes in regional economic activity","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couto, F.T., Andrade, N., Salgado, R., and Serra, J. (2021, January 19\u201330). Wildfire Risk in Madeira Island and the Potential Impacts on Tourism. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2021, Online.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu21-14575"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2005.07.015","article-title":"Hazard or disaster: Tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria","volume":"28","author":"Cioccio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002528","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002528","article-title":"Living with fire and the need for diversity","volume":"10","author":"Stoof","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.03.005","article-title":"Climate change effects on the frequency, seasonality and interannual variability of suitable prescribed burning weather conditions in southeastern Australia","volume":"271","author":"Clarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arreola Amaya, M., and Clements, C.B. (2020). Evolution of Plume Core Structures and Turbulence during a Wildland Fire Experiment. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11080842"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.03.050","article-title":"Wildfires, fuel treatment and risk mitigation in Australian eucalypt forests: Insights from landscape-scale simulation","volume":"105","author":"Bradstock","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12115","article-title":"Contrasting fire responses to climate and management: Insights from two Australian ecosystems","volume":"19","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15262-y","article-title":"The 2019\u20132020 Australian forest fires are a harbinger of decreased prescribed burning effectiveness under rising extreme conditions","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-020-00065-8","article-title":"Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia","volume":"2","author":"Abram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.008","article-title":"The New VIIRS 375 m active fire detection data product: Algorithm description and initial assessment","volume":"143","author":"Schroeder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"ICNF Report (2022). 1 Relat\u00f3rio Provis\u00f3rio de Inc\u00eandios Rurais de 2022 (1 de Janeiro a 30 de Junho), Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas, I.P., Departamento de Gest\u00e3o de \u00c1reas P\u00fablicas e de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o Florestal. Available online: https:\/\/www.icnf.pt\/api\/file\/doc\/1b241b838544443a."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, August 30). Met Office\u2019s Website, Available online: https:\/\/digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, September 30). IPMA\u2019s Monthly Climate Bulletins. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/pt\/publicacoes\/boletins.jsp?cmbDep=cli&cmbTema=pcl&cmbAno=2021&idDep=cli&idTema=pcl&curAno=2021."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-1929-2018","article-title":"Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications","volume":"11","author":"Lac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pinty, J.-P., and Jabouille, P. (1998, January 17\u201321). A Mixed-Phase Cloud Parameterization for Use in Mesoscale Non-Hydrostatic Model: Simulations of a Squall Line and of Orographic Precipitation. Proceedings of the Conference of Cloud Physics, Everett, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large-eddy simulations","volume":"126","author":"Cuxart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-009-9388-0","article-title":"A Parameterization of Dry Thermals and Shallow Cumuli for Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction","volume":"132","author":"Pergaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16663","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00237","article-title":"Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave","volume":"102","author":"Mlawer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-6-929-2013","article-title":"The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxe","volume":"6","author":"Masson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540309","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/540390","article-title":"Simulation of Coupled Fire\/Atmosphere Interaction with the MesoNH-ForeFire Models","volume":"2011","author":"Filippi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Combust."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippi, J.B., Bosseur, F., Mari, C., and Lac, C. (2018). Simulation of a large wildfire in a coupled fire-atmosphere model. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9060218"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2021.103475","article-title":"Subgrid-scale fire front reconstruction for ensemble coupled atmosphere-fire simulations of the FireFlux I experiment","volume":"126","author":"Costes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.10.002","article-title":"Numerical simulations of significant orographic precipitation in Madeira island","volume":"169","author":"Couto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-5191-2018","article-title":"Breeze Effects at a Large Artificial Lake: Summer Case Study","volume":"22","author":"Iakunin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13557","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-13557-2020","article-title":"A complex aerosol transport event over Europe during the 2017 Storm Ophelia in CAMS forecast systems: Analysis and evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Akritidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.3440","article-title":"The October 2017 red sun phenomenon over the UK","volume":"74","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.3978","article-title":"An analysis of storm Ophelia which struck Ireland on 16 October 2017","volume":"76","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"IPMA Report (2022). Boletim Clim\u00e1tico Portugal Continental, Janeiro 2022, Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P. Divis\u00e3o de Clima e Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/resources.www\/docs\/im.publicacoes\/edicoes.online\/20220204\/FGdTvyAzNYKcsCOxBZMy\/cli_20220101_20220131_pcl_mm_co_pt.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewer, M.J., and Clements, C.B. (2020). The 2018 Camp Fire: Meteorological Analysis Using In Situ Observations and Numerical Simulations. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11010047"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105253","article-title":"Numerical investigation of atmosphere-fire interactions during high-impact wildland fire events in Greece","volume":"247","author":"Kartsios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2918","article-title":"Understanding significant precipitation in Madeira island using high-resolution numerical simulations of real cases","volume":"143","author":"Couto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/13\/10\/1677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:54Z","timestamp":1760144034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/13\/10\/1677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos13101677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos13101677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]}}}