{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:40:36Z","timestamp":1760128836651,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"SusTEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CESAM","award":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"]}]},{"name":"C2TN","award":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/04992\/2021","UIDB\/00690\/2020","UIDP\/00690\/2020","LA\/P\/0007\/2020","UIDP\/50017\/2020","UIDB\/50017\/2020","LAP\/0094\/2020","UIDB\/04349\/2020","UIDP\/04349\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have evaluated PM concentrations in single specific microenvironments as a measure of exposure in the entire house. In this study, PM10 was monitored at the same time in three microenvironments (bedroom, living room, and kitchen) from three dwellings located in a small inland town of the Iberian Peninsula to assess whether exposure varies significantly between them. Real-time optical instruments and low-volume gravimetric samplers were employed. A multi-wavelength absorption instrument was used to determine black carbon (BC) concentrations on the filters. The Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD) was applied to evaluate the deposition of PM10 and BC in the airways of adults. For all dwellings, the highest PM10 concentrations were recorded in bedrooms (B1 = 22.7 \u00b5g m\u22123; B2 = 19.5 \u00b5g m\u22123; and B3 = 68.1 \u00b5g m\u22123). Houses 1 and 3 did not show significant differences between microenvironments. This did not happen in house 2, suggesting that ventilation is a determining factor for concentrations. BC originated mainly from fossil fuel emissions (90%), while biomass burning represented a minor contribution (10%). MPPD showed that PM10 is predominantly deposited in the head region (\u226585% of the total dose), while BC is mainly deposited in the pulmonary region (14%). Higher doses were estimated for males than for females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14071064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T01:42:32Z","timestamp":1687743752000},"page":"1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Short-Term Exposure to PM10 and Black Carbon in Residential Microenvironments in Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal: A Case Study in Bedrooms, Living Rooms, and Kitchens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yago Alonso","family":"Cipoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Alexandra","family":"Gamelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Energia e Ambiente, IPS Campus, 2914-508 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana Marta","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Feliciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3231-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-020-0047-y","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems for Enhanced Public Health","volume":"30","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Tran, V., Park, D., and Lee, Y.C. (2020). Indoor Air Pollution, Related Human Diseases, and Recent Trends in the Control and Improvement of Indoor Air Quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082927"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cincinelli, A., and Martellini, T. (2017). Indoor Air Quality and Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111286"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health","volume":"391","author":"Landrigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Health, Environment and Climate Change: Report by the Director-General, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/276332."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411532","article-title":"Lung-Function Trajectories Leading to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"373","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208910","article-title":"Association between Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in China","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-5","article-title":"Carbon Black Nanoparticle Instillation Induces Sustained Inflammation and Genotoxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver","volume":"9","author":"Farraj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10638-0_3","article-title":"Respiratory and Cardiovascular Effects of Metals in Ambient Particulate Matter: A Critical Review","volume":"234","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, March 30). Household Air Pollution. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/household-air-pollution-and-health."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70487-X","article-title":"The Carcinogenicity of Outdoor Air Pollution","volume":"14","author":"Loomis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-Year Trends of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: An Analysis of Data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J.H., and Pandis, S.N. (2016). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500244","article-title":"It\u2019s about Time: A Comparison of Canadian and American Time\u2013Activity Patterns","volume":"12","author":"Leech","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.12.0682","article-title":"Characteristics and Relationships between Indoor and Outdoor PM2.5 in Beijing: A Residential Apartment Case Study","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Gao, W., Sun, X., Jiang, W., Wang, Z., and Li, W. (2020). Measurements of Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter during the Heating Period in Jinan, in North China: Chemical Composition, Health Risk, and Source Apportionment. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11090885"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tofful, L., Perrino, C., and Canepari, S. (2020). Comparison Study between Indoor and Outdoor Chemical Composition of PM2.5 in Two Italian Areas. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040368"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, C., Vicente, A., Oliveira, A.R., Candeias, C., Vicente, E., Nunes, T., Cerqueira, M., Evtyugina, M., Rocha, F., and Almeida, S.M. (2020). Fine Particulate Matter and Gaseous Compounds in Kitchens and Outdoor Air of Different Dwellings. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145256"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canha, N., Lage, J., Galinha, C., Coentro, S., Alves, C., and Almeida, S.M. (2018). Impact of Biomass Home Heating, Cooking Styles, and Bread Toasting on the Indoor Air Quality at Portuguese Dwellings: A Case Study. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9060214"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastuszka, J.S., Talik, E., P\u0142oszaj-Pyrek, J., Grygierek, K., and Ferdyn-Grygierek, J. (2021). Exposure to PM4 in Homes with Tobacco Smoke in and around Katowice, Poland. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12121590"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15215-4","article-title":"Lung-Deposited Dose of Particulate Matter from Residential Exposure to Smoke from Wood Burning","volume":"28","author":"Vicente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.02.035","article-title":"Walking-Induced Particle Resuspension in Indoor Environments","volume":"89","author":"Qian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.087","article-title":"Contributions to Cities\u2019 Ambient Particulate Matter (PM): A Systematic Review of Local Source Contributions at Global Level","volume":"120","author":"Karagulian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-010-9236-0","article-title":"Numerical Model Inter-Comparison for Wind Flow and Turbulence Around Single-Block Buildings","volume":"16","author":"Vardoulakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2020.1728198","article-title":"Indoor and Outdoor Concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in Residential Building and Evaluation of Negative Air Ions (NAIs) in Indoor PM Removal","volume":"32","author":"Nadali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut. Bioavailab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12843","article-title":"Characterization and Exposure Assessment of Household Fine Particulate Matter Pollution in China","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1504\/PIE.2022.125617","article-title":"The influence of domestic heating systems in indoor air quality in homes of a region of Northeastern Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Feliciano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2003.11.003","article-title":"The Spatial and Temporal Variations in PM10 Mass from Six UK Homes","volume":"324","author":"Sexton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109221","article-title":"Indoor Exposure of Elderly to Air Pollutants in Residential Buildings in Alexandria, Egypt","volume":"219","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101537","article-title":"Are We Safe inside? Indoor Air Quality in Relation to Outdoor Concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 and to Characteristics of Homes","volume":"48","author":"Scibor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137293","article-title":"Assessment of Indoor Air Exposure at Residential Homes: Inhalation Dose and Lung Deposition of PM10, PM2.5 and Ultrafine Particles among Newborn Children and Their Mothers","volume":"717","author":"Madureira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pordata (2023, March 21). Municipalities Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.pordata.pt\/Municipios."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Updated World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, A., Ornellas, G., Ribeiro, A.C., Maia, F., Rocha, A., and Feliciano, M. (2018). Urban Cold and Heat Island in the City of Bragan\u00e7a (Portugal). Climate, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli6030070"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrico, C.M., and Karacaoglu, J. (2023). Impacts of a Prescribed Fire on Air Quality in Central New Mexico. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14020316"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadlow, I., Paton-Walsh, C., Forehead, H., Perez, P., Amirghasemi, M., Gu\u00e9rette, \u00c9.-A., Gendek, O., and Kumar, P. (2019). Understanding Spatial Variability of Air Quality in Sydney: Part 2\u2014A Roadside Case Study. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10040217"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101512","article-title":"Ambient Concentrations and Dosimetry of Inhaled Size-Segregated Particulate Matter during Periods of Low Urban Mobility in Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal","volume":"13","author":"Cipoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8207","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008560","article-title":"Regional and Seasonal Variations in Aerosol Optical Characteristics and Their Frequency Distributions over India during 2001\u20132005","volume":"113","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/es0013935","article-title":"Time Resolved Charaterization of Diesel Particulate Emissions. 1. Instruments for Particle Mass Measurements","volume":"35","author":"Arnott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"100113","article-title":"Development of Real-World Emission Factors for on-Road Vehicles from Motorway Tunnel Measurements","volume":"10","author":"Raparthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2010.15","article-title":"Validation of Continuous Particle Monitors for Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Exposures","volume":"21","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.09.042","article-title":"Winter Comparison of TEOM, MiniVol and DustTrak PM10 Monitors in a Woodsmoke Environment","volume":"40","author":"Kingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchas.2012.12.001","article-title":"Novel Second-Degree Solution to Single Zone Mass-Balance Equation Improves the Use of Build-up Data in Estimating Ventilation Rates in Classrooms","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Health Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104204","article-title":"Assessment of Ventilation Rates inside Educational Buildings in Southwestern Europe: Analysis of Implemented Strategic Measures","volume":"51","author":"Aguilar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109559","article-title":"Using In-Situ CO2, PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 Measurements to Assess Air Change Rates and Indoor Aerosol Dynamics","volume":"224","author":"Westgate","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2019.12.002","article-title":"Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality: A University Cafeteria as a Case Study","volume":"11","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Atanacio, A.J., Cohen, D.D., Button, D., Paneras, N., and Garton, D. (2023, March 20). Multi-Wavelength Absorption Black Carbon Instrument (MABI) Manual, Available online: https:\/\/www.ansto.gov.au\/media\/2716\/download."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ry\u015b, A., and Samek, L. (2021). Measurement report: Determination of Black Carbon concentration in PM2.5 fraction by Multi-wavelength absorption black carbon instrument (MABI). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-2021-766"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.02.009","article-title":"MABI\u2014A Multi-Wavelength Absorption Black Carbon Instrument for the Measurement of Fine Light Absorbing Carbon Particles","volume":"12","author":"Manohar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1995.1144","article-title":"A Multiple-Path Model of Particle Deposition in the Rat Lung","volume":"28","author":"Anjilvel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829509508887","article-title":"Calculation of Total Deposition Fraction of Ultrafine Aerosols in Human Extrathoracic and Intrathoracic Regions","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICRP (1994). Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection. J. Radiol. Prot., 66, 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6453(94)90018-3"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(80)80060-7","article-title":"Models of Human Lung Airways and Their Application to Inhaled Particle Deposition","volume":"42","author":"Yeh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00480-5","article-title":"Comparison of Black Carbon (BC) Aerosols in Two Urban Areas\u2014Concentrations and Size Distributions","volume":"35","author":"Hitzenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, A., Izhar, S., and Gupta, T. (2018). Study of Environmental Particle Levels, Its Effects on Lung Deposition and Relationship With Human Behaviour. Energy Environ. Sustain., 77\u201391.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7332-8_4"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.03.047","article-title":"Saharan Dust Intrusions in Spain: Health Impacts and Associated Synoptic Conditions","volume":"156","author":"Linares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.107923","article-title":"Recent Evolution of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Burnt Areas and Fire Weather Risk in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"287","author":"Calheiros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavaleiro, R., Russo, A., Sousa, P.M., and Dur\u00e3o, R. (2021). Association between Prevailing Circulation Patterns and Coarse Particles in Portugal. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12010085"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolae, V., Talianu, C., Andrei, S., Antonescu, B., Ene, D., Nicolae, D., Dandocsi, A., Toader, V.E., \u0218tefan, S., and Savu, T. (2019). Multiyear Typology of Long-Range Transported Aerosols over Europe. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10090482"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.06.025","article-title":"Real-Time Environmental Applications and Display SYstem: READY","volume":"95","author":"Rolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00100-X","article-title":"The Potential for Long-Range Transport of Air-Pollutants into Greece: A Climatological Analysis","volume":"231","author":"Katsoulis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2017.05.004","article-title":"Indoor Air Quality during Sleep under Different Ventilation Patterns","volume":"8","author":"Canha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.061","article-title":"Monitoring the Impact of Desert Dust Outbreaks for Air Quality for Health Studies","volume":"130","author":"Querol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2021.1895367","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in Indoor Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Residential Buildings","volume":"71","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovicheva, O., Chichaeva, M., Kovach, R., Zhdanova, E., and Kasimov, N. (2022). Seasonal, Weekly, and Diurnal Black Carbon in Moscow Megacity Background under Impact of Urban and Regional Sources. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13040563"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4917-2013","article-title":"The Mass and Number Size Distributions of Black Carbon Aerosol over Europe","volume":"13","author":"Reddington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2017.07.034","article-title":"Study of Atmospheric Aerosols by IBA Techniques: The LABEC Experience","volume":"417","author":"Lucarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(80)90123-8","article-title":"Physical Factors Determining Particle Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract","volume":"11","author":"Heyder","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(86)90035-2","article-title":"Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract in the Size Range 0.005\u201315 \u039cm","volume":"17","author":"Heyder","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s41810-021-00125-2","article-title":"Deposition Modeling of Airborne Particulate Matter on Human Respiratory Tract during Winter Seasons in Arid-Urban Environment","volume":"6","author":"Amoatey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101298","article-title":"Age-Specific and Seasonal Deposition of Outdoor and Indoor Particulate Matter in Human Respiratory Tract","volume":"13","author":"Manojkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.08.003","article-title":"It\u2019s All about Sex: Gender, Lung Development and Lung Disease","volume":"18","author":"Carey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2017.03.005","article-title":"Commuter Exposure to Particulate Matter for Different Transportation Modes in Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.02.018","article-title":"Assessment of Pedestrian Exposure and Deposition of PM10, PM2.5 and Ultrafine Particles at an Urban Roadside: A Case Study of Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101588","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Cyclists\u2019 Exposure to PM and BC on Different Bike Lanes","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.03.004","article-title":"Pulmonary Aerosol Transport and Deposition Analysis in Upper 17 Generations of the Human Respiratory Tract","volume":"108","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030","article-title":"The Health Effects of Ambient PM2.5 and Potential Mechanisms","volume":"128","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EE9.0000609832.55044.74","article-title":"Health Effects of Ambient Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particles","volume":"3","author":"Redaelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Atmosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/14\/7\/1064\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:21Z","timestamp":1760126361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4433\/14\/7\/1064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["atmos14071064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos14071064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4433"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4433"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]}}}