{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:34:21Z","timestamp":1772152461978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vine &amp; Wine Portugal\u2014Driving Sustainable Growth Through Smart Innovation, PRR &amp; NextGeneration EU, Agendas Mobilizadoras para a Reindustrializa\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["C644866286-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866286-011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sub-hourly heavy precipitation events (SHHPs) associated with regional low-pressure (RegL) systems in Portugal are a natural hazard that may have significant socioeconomic implications, namely in agriculture. Therefore, in this paper, their dynamic and thermodynamic drivers are analysed. Three weather stations were used to isolate SHHPs from 2000 to 2022. Higher precipitation variability is found in southern Portugal, with a higher ratio of extreme events on fewer rainy days. This study shows that these SHHP events are associated with low-pressure systems located just to the west of the Iberian Peninsula. These systems exhibit a cold core, particularly strong at mid-levels, and a positive vorticity anomaly, which is stronger in the upper troposphere, extending downward to low levels. These conditions drive differential positive vorticity advection and, therefore, rising motion to the east of the low-pressure systems. Moreover, at low levels, these systems promote moisture advection over western Iberia, also generating instability conditions, which are assessed by instability indices (Convective available potential energy, the Total-Totals index, and the K-index). The combination of these conditions drives heavy precipitation events. Lastly, the total column cloud ice water revealed higher values for the heavier precipitation events, suggesting that it may be a useful predictor of such events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14091443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T06:36:45Z","timestamp":1694932605000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dynamic and Thermodynamic Drivers of Severe Sub-Hourly Precipitation Events in Mainland Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2941-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6609-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Belo-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divis\u00e3o de Meteorologia Aeron\u00e1utica, Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building, and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-17-0385.1","article-title":"Dynamical insights into extreme short-term precipitation associated with supercells and mesovortices","volume":"75","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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