{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:06:35Z","timestamp":1776110795156,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"]}]},{"name":"PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"]}]},{"name":"PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)","award":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"]}]},{"name":"PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES(PIDDAC)","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES(PIDDAC)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES(PIDDAC)","award":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES(PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES(PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES(PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory SusTEC","award":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR2020-1.0.1-FEADER-030981"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory SusTEC","award":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/139393\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory SusTEC","award":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID\/BD\/152770\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory SusTEC","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irrigation is the best strategy to reduce the adverse effects of water stress on almond trees [Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Web] and improve their productivity. However, in the current context of climatic change, in which the amount of water available for irrigation is increasingly limited, deficit irrigation (DI) strategies have become essential in the almond orchards of southern Europe. Other practices, such as the foliar application of reflective compounds, are being implemented. A three-year experiment (2019\u20132021) was set in a factorial design in which the effect of regulated deficit irrigation and foliar kaolin spray was evaluated on physiological (predawn leaf water potential, relative water content, leaf area, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence) and agronomic parameters (yield, yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE)). The treatments include full irrigation (FI), which received 100% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration) during all irrigation seasons; regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), which received 100% of ETc until the kernel-filling stage, reducing the application to 35% ETc during the kernel-filling stage until harvest; and both irrigation regimes combined with kaolin application and two cultivars, Constant\u00ed and Vairo. More negative water potential values were observed in the RDI treatments compared to the FI treatments. There were no significant differences in the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, or transpiration rate between treatments with RDI and FI, demonstrating the almond tree\u2019s good adaptation to irrigation reduction in the kernel-filling stage. The two cultivars had different responses in cumulative yield throughout the three years of the trial. The cv. Constant\u00ed did not present significant differences between the FI and RDI treatments, translating into improved WUE. In contrast, the cv. Vairo suffered a reduction in accumulated performance in the RDI treatments with respect to the FI. The foliar application of kaolin did not present differences in yield and very few in the physiological activity of the almond trees. With the results obtained, we can suggest that under the conditions of our experiment, the combination of RDI and the kaolin foliar application can help save irrigation water and produce almonds more sustainably.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14101593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T05:54:35Z","timestamp":1698040475000},"page":"1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Adapting Almond Production to Climate Change through Deficit Irrigation and Foliar Kaolin Application in a Mediterranean Climate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Barreales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agraria y Forestal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Avenida de Portugal 41, 24009 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Capit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5215-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albino Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Casquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agraria y Forestal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Avenida de Portugal 41, 24009 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Castro","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Almond tree canopy temperature reveals intra-crown variability that is water stress-dependent","volume":"154","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. 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