{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1776720666676,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forests face a variety of threats in the modern era. Agroforestry systems, both traditional and introduced, have a tremendous capacity for providing sustainable resources and combating the impact of global climate change. Indigenous agroforestry and forest land-use systems are important reservoirs for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, providing a potential contribution to livelihood security for rural communities. This study aimed to assess the tree diversity and carbon stock of agroforestry and adjoining forests along altitudinal gradients, ranging between 700 and 2200 masl (i.e., lower, middle, and upper altitudes) by laying sample plots randomly of a size of 20 \u00d7 20 m2. In the forest land-use system, the maximum Importance Value Index (IVI) included Dalbergia sissoo (71.10), Pyrus pashia (76.78), and Pinus roxburghii (79.69) at the upper, middle, and lower elevations, respectively, whereas, in the agroforestry land-use system, the IVI reported for Ficus semicordata was 43.05 at the upper, while for Grewia optiva it was at 53.82 at the middle and 59.33 at the lower altitudes. The below-ground biomass density (AGBD) was recorded as 1023.48 t ha\u22121 (lower), 242.92 t ha\u22121 (middle), and 1099.35 t ha\u22121(upper), while in the agroforestry land-use system, the AGBD was 353.48 t ha\u22121 (lower), 404.32 t ha\u22121 (middle), and 373.23 t ha\u22121 (upper). The total carbon density (TCD) values recorded were 630.57, 167.32, and 784.00 t ha\u22121 in forest land-use systems, and 227.46, 343.23, and 252.47 in agroforestry land-use systems for lower, middle, and upper altitudes, respectively. The Margalef\u2019s Index values for agroforestry and forests ranged from 2.39 to 2.85 and 1.12 to 1.30, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock recorded 45.32, 58.92, and 51.13 Mg C ha\u22121 for agroforestry and 61.73, 42.65, and 71.08 Mg C ha\u22121 for forest in lower, middle and upper elevations, respectively. The study suggests that selecting land use patterns can be an effective management system for tree species at different elevations for carbon storage, helping to mitigate climate change and aiding in sustainable management of ecosystems in the Garhwal Himalayas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15030313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1709291964000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry versus Adjoining Forests at Different Altitudes in the Garhwal Himalayas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Naresh","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri 249199, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Riyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri 249199, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8705-2959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhupendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri 249199, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinod Prasad","family":"Khanduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri 249199, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri 249199, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"given":"Chandramohan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, College of Forestry, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri 249199, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6908-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina M. S. Cabral","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aynekulu, E., Suber, M., van Noordwijk, M., Arango, J., Roshetko, J.M., and Rosenstock, T.S. (2020). Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9090309"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"210","article-title":"Carbon Stock and Carbon Sequestration Potential of an Agroforestry System in Sabah","volume":"11","author":"Besar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malays. 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