{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T23:10:42Z","timestamp":1773184242997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This publication aimed at the revision of scientific publications on the discovery of ozone, tracing its scientific history and how the early perspectives of the beneficial ozone impact on respiratory diseases and how they shifted with advancements in scientific knowledge: once considered a health index, ozone is now recognized as an atmospheric pollutant with detrimental effects on human health. The global increase in tropospheric ozone exposure, along with the associated rise in morbidity and mortality, highlights the urgent need to reduce emissions of ozone precursors to protect public health. Given the large at-risk population, tropospheric ozone exposure poses a significant public health concern. To address this, it is crucial to implement strategies that mitigate the harmful effects of tropospheric ozone, especially for vulnerable individuals. If these measures are not effectively implemented, a worsening of health impacts can be expected. The October 2024 update on stratospheric ozone recovery reveals its fragility and erratic behaviour, underscoring the need for continued and stringent control measures to protect human health. To our knowledge, no prior publications have addressed such a comprehensive time frame as we have in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15121504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"1504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone: Scientific History and Shifts in Early Perspectives Regarding the Impact on Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C. M.","family":"Alvim-Ferraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia I. V.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando G.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp90039g","article-title":"Changes in air quality and tropospheric composition due to depletion of stratospheric ozone and interactions with climate","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/01919510108962025","article-title":"History of the study of atmospheric ozone","volume":"23","author":"Stolarski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ozone-Sci. 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