{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:12:03Z","timestamp":1771927923218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Atmosphere"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gridded meteorological data sources, such as reanalysis datasets, are increasingly used to estimate evapotranspiration, a key variable for surface water-budget analyses at regional and national scales and for assessing plant water requirements for irrigation. This study, conducted over mainland Portugal for the 44-year reference period from 1980 to 2023, first presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the spatial patterns of potential (Ep) and reference (Eto) evapotranspiration at a 0.1\u00b0 spatial resolution using daily data. Estimates derived from two high-resolution datasets (GLEAM and ERA5-Land) are compared with those obtained from the Thornthwaite, Hargreaves\u2013Samani, and Penman\u2013Monteith models. Secondly, trend analyses of Eto magnitudes on a monthly and annual basis in a gridded format were conducted. The resulting spatial distributions of Ep and Eto show higher values in milder and flatter southern Portugal and lower values in the cooler and more mountainous northern regions, in agreement with existing knowledge. The Penman\u2013Monteith model exhibited the highest reliability, while the Thornthwaite model generally underestimated evapotranspiration across the country, and the Hargreaves\u2013Samani model showed underestimation in coastal areas. Trend analysis of Eto indicates an overall increase in atmospheric evaporative demand over the full study period, with a more pronounced rise during the recent 22-year period (2002\u20132023) compared with the earlier period (1980\u20132001). These increases are statistically significant in August and October and may reflect a climate shift towards a progressively longer dry season. Understanding how changes in evapotranspiration affect hydrological processes\u2014including surface water availability, river discharge, reservoir performance, and crop requirement\u2014is critical. This study aims to contribute to addressing these emerging challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos17020215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T18:16:31Z","timestamp":1771438591000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Evaluation of Evapotranspiration in Mainland Portugal Based on Climate Reanalysis Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6392-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Pegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Filipe","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREATE\u2014Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy, Pole of the Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.74.3.309","article-title":"Biophysical Regulation of Evapotranspiration in Semiarid Croplands","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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