{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T03:00:44Z","timestamp":1771383644452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGENDA GREENAUTO\u2014GREEN INNOVATION FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR)","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Republic","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Automation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a method for position correction in collaborative robots, applied to a case study in an industrial environment. The case study is aligned with the GreenAuto project and aims to optimize industrial processes through the integration of various hardware elements. The case study focuses on tightening a specific number of nuts onto bolts located on a partition plate, referred to as \u201cCloison\u201d, which is mounted on commercial vans produced by Stellantis, to secure the plate. The main challenge lies in deviations that may occur in the plate during its assembly process, leading to uncertainties in its fastening to the vehicles. To address this and optimize the process, a collaborative robot was integrated with a 3D vision system and a screwdriving system. By using the 3D vision system, it is possible to determine the bolts\u2019 positions and adjust them within the robot\u2019s frame of reference, enabling the screwdriving system to tighten the nuts accurately. Thus, the proposed method aims to integrate these different systems to tighten the nuts effectively, regardless of the deviations that may arise in the plate during assembly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/automation6010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:53:39Z","timestamp":1740027219000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhancing Nut-Tightening Processes in the Automotive Industry: Integration of 3D Vision Systems with Collaborative Robots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0889-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"ADAI\u2014Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"GECAD\u2014Knowledge Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development of the Engineering Institute of Porto (ISEP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto (IPP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9693-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"RCM2+\u2014Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, Edif\u00edcio L, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5672-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Barreiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"RCM2+\u2014Research Centre for Asset Management and Systems Engineering, Edif\u00edcio L, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7646-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CMUC\u2014Centre for Mathematics of University of Coimbra, Department of Mathematics, University of Coimbra, 3001-454 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4983-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Center for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8886-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8235-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete D. C.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro F.","family":"Trov\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC\u2014Coimbra, Institute for Systems and Computers Engineering at Coimbra, 3000-033 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5441-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Miseric\u00f3rdia, Lagar dos Corti\u00e7os, S. 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