{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:18:53Z","timestamp":1765041533827,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brazil (CAPES)\u2014Finance Code 001","award":["27192\/27","LA\/P\/0063\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27192\/27","LA\/P\/0063\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa (FUNDEP) Rota 2030\/Linha V","award":["27192\/27","LA\/P\/0063\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27192\/27","LA\/P\/0063\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["27192\/27","LA\/P\/0063\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27192\/27","LA\/P\/0063\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The methodology presented in this work allows for the creation of a real-time adjustment of Kalman Filter process noise for lithium battery state-of-charge estimation. This work innovates by creating a methodology for adjusting the process (Q) and measurement (R) Kalman Filter noise matrices in real-time. The filter algorithm with this adaptative mechanism achieved an average accuracy of 99.56% in real tests by comparing the estimated battery voltage and measured battery voltage. A cell-balancing strategy was also implemented, capable of guaranteeing the safety and efficiency of the battery pack in all conducted tests. This work presents all the methods, equations, and simulations necessary for the development of a battery management system and applies the system in a practical, real environment. The battery management system hardware and firmware were developed, evaluated, and validated on a battery pack with eight LiFePO4 cells, achieving excellent performance on all conducted tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries10070233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T06:51:53Z","timestamp":1719557513000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Practical Methodology for Real-Time Adjustment of Kalman Filter Process Noise for Lithium Battery State-of-Charge Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Thamires","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Martin de Alc\u00e2ntara","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Esteves","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Lorenzetti","family":"Pellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Armando Ant\u00f4nio Maria","family":"Lagan\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEA\u2014Polytechnic School (POLI-USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokie, I., Zarko, Z., and Bozo, K. 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