{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:15:10Z","timestamp":1776136510606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT30373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT30373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs Accelerate Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs Accelerate Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IT30373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT30373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SysNergie Inc.","award":["950-230672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-230672"]}]},{"name":"SysNergie Inc.","award":["IT30373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT30373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate estimation of lithium-ion cell internal temperature is crucial for the safe operation of battery packs, especially during high discharge rates, as operating outside the safe temperature range can lead to accelerated degradation or catastrophic failures. Heat generation in lithium-ion cells arises primarily from ohmic losses and entropy change (\u0394S), yet the latter remains frequently overlooked in battery modelling. However, the impact of considering or discarding \u0394S from electro-thermal modelling remains subject to debate. This research highlights the critical role of \u0394S in improving the accuracy of electro-thermal models for lithium-ion batteries, particularly in high-fidelity thermal simulations. It presents a systematic integration, \u0394S, into electro-thermal models, leveraging the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) approach to enhance predictive accuracy, a methodology not previously structured in this manner. This paper addresses this issue by performing a comparative analysis of an electro-thermal model (ETM) with and without \u0394S. The findings provide clear insights into the role of entropy in electro-thermal modelling, demonstrating that while entropy change has a minimal impact on electrical behaviour prediction, it plays a crucial role in accurately capturing temperature dynamics, helping define the conditions under which it must be considered in simulations. While entropy can be neglected for coarse heat generation estimation, its inclusion enhances temperature prediction accuracy by up to 4 \u00b0C, making it essential for applications requiring precise thermal management. This study offers a detailed analysis of the conditions under which \u0394S becomes critical to model accuracy, providing actionable guidance for battery engineers and researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries11030084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:53:39Z","timestamp":1740027219000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the Role of Entropy Change in Lithium-Ion Battery Electro-Thermal Modelling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix-Antoine","family":"LeBel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"electric-Transport, Energy Storage and Conversion (e-TESC) Lab., Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"SysNergie Inc., Sherbrooke, QC J1N 0G2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Messier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"electric-Transport, Energy Storage and Conversion (e-TESC) Lab., Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"SysNergie Inc., Sherbrooke, QC J1N 0G2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6150-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SysNergie Inc., Sherbrooke, QC J1N 0G2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro F.","family":"Trov\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"electric-Transport, Energy Storage and Conversion (e-TESC) Lab., Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra (INESC Coimbra), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Coimbra (IPC-ISEC), 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.07.100","article-title":"A failure modes, mechanisms, and effects analysis (FMMEA) of lithium-ion batteries","volume":"297","author":"Hendricks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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