{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:22:56Z","timestamp":1760059376684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["UID\/50008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work describes the development of an embedded standalone measurement system that monitors the aging of batteries using impedance spectroscopy. The system generates a multisine stimulus that contains the frequency components at which the battery impedance is measured. Coherent generation and sampling is assured, and Goertzel filters, one for each measurement frequency, are updated with each new sample. This architecture reduces memory requirements because the current and voltage of the measured samples are discarded after processing. Aging is monitored, as the system is able to automatically perform complete or partial charge\/discharge cycles as well as measurement cycles without requiring user interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries11060227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T09:59:14Z","timestamp":1749549554000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measurement of Battery Aging Using Impedance Spectroscopy with an Embedded Multisine Coherent Measurement System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis S.","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8914-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6005-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M.","family":"Janeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.12000","article-title":"A review of rechargeable batteries for portable electronic devices","volume":"1","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"148","article-title":"Comparison of rechargeable battery technologies","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASME Early Career Tech. 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