{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:34:10Z","timestamp":1776339250793,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50025\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50025\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal and pressure stability of Li-ion batteries (LiB) are the most important parameters for safety. In abuse operating conditions, the rapid increase of temperature and pressure can cause the appearance of hot-spots, which may lead to an increasing degradation rate or even to the battery\u2019s explosion and\/or combustion. A sensing network of fiber Bragg gratings is attached to the surface of a prismatic LiB to monitor its temperature and bi-directional strain variations through normal charge (0.70 C) and two different discharge rates (1.32 C and 5.77 C) in the x- and y-directions. More significant variations are registered when the LiB operates in abnormal conditions. A maximum temperature variation of 27.52 \u00b1 0.13 \u00b0C is detected by the sensors located close to the positive electrode side. Regarding strain and consequent length variations, maximum values of 593.58 \u00b1 0.01 \u00b5\u03b5 and 51.05 \u00b1 0.05 \u00b5m are respectively obtained by the sensors placed on the y-direction. The sensing network presented can be a solution for the real-time monitoring, multipoint and in operando temperature and bi-directional strain variations in the LiBs, promoting their safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries4020023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T03:42:48Z","timestamp":1526010168000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Simultaneous Sensing of Temperature and Bi-Directional Strain in a Prismatic Li-Ion Battery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micael","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1170-7530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59513-3.00018-2","article-title":"Safety of Lithium-ion Batteries","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Applications"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(02)00488-3","article-title":"Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells","volume":"113","author":"Spotnitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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