{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T21:29:48Z","timestamp":1776720588777,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and MIT Portugal Program","award":["MPP2030 Ph.D. Grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPP2030 Ph.D. Grants"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper shows the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in Li-ion battery charging methods by introducing a new charging algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed charging algorithm is able to find an optimized charging current profile, through ANNs, considering the real-time conditions of the Li-ion batteries. To test and validate the proposed approach, a low-cost battery management system (BMS) was developed, supporting up to 168 cells in series and n cells in parallel. When compared with the multistage charging algorithm, the proposed charging algorithm revealed a shorter charging time (7.85%) and a smaller temperature increase (32.95%). Thus, the results show that the proposed algorithm based on AI is able to effectively charge and balance batteries and can be regarded as a subject of interest for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries8020018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:43:22Z","timestamp":1644965002000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A New Charging Algorithm for Li-Ion Battery Packs Based on Artificial Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5011-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. D.","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IT\u2014Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo L.","family":"Velho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria R. A.","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT\u2014Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8727-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. N.","family":"Pombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o B. 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