{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1770680745865,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Ural Federal University Program of Development within the Priority-2030 Program)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The capacity fade during the cycling of lithium batteries is a key factor limiting further progress in the improvement of electric vehicles, wearable electronic devices, alternative energy sources, etc. One of the main reasons for capacity loss is battery cathode degradation, which significantly influences the battery lifetime. Despite in-depth knowledge of battery degradation at the chemical level, the kinetics of the degradation at the resolution of the individual elements of the cathode are not fully understood. Here, we studied lithiation kinetics in commercial cathodes based on lithium manganese spinel using the electrochemical strain microscopy local method. Supported by the experimental finding, the \u201cviscous fingers\u201d model of lithium ions intercalation\u2013deintercalation in individual particles of the cathode was proposed. The non-linear dynamics of the lithiation front were suggested to be stimulated by the non-uniform stress field and gradient of the chemical potential. Irregularity of the lithiation front causes the formation of the residual lithiated pocket in the delithiated particles, which effectively reduces the volume available for chemical reaction. The obtained results shed further light on the degradation of the lithium battery cathodes and can be applicable for other cathode materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries8110220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T02:43:51Z","timestamp":1667789031000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Revealing Lithiation Kinetics and Battery Degradation Pathway in LiMn2O4-Based Commercial Cathodes via Electrochemical Strain Microscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Alikin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Slautin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3432-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Kholkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2086552","article-title":"Electrochemistry of manganese dioxide in lithium nonaqueous cell","volume":"137","author":"Ohzuku","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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