{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:45:09Z","timestamp":1775349909062,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["955930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["955930"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["BI\/UI96\/6642\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UI96\/6642\/2022"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["955930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["955930"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["BI\/UI96\/6642\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UI96\/6642\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor network inscribed in a polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber is proposed to proceed with a multipoint simultaneous temperature and strain discrimination in different locations (positive and negative terminals, and middle) on a cylindrical Li-ion battery. The birefringence property of the PM fibers, together with FBG sensors, allowed such an application using only one fiber line fixed to the edges of the battery. The battery was subjected to two different charge\/discharge cycles, one with nominal charging and discharging conditions (1.00 C and 1.13 C, respectively) and another with abusive conditions (1.88 C for charge and 2.39 C for discharge). The PM-FBG sensors registered maximum temperature and strain variations at the end of the abusive discharge process of the battery; the positive terminal achieved a 28.7 \u00b1 0.3 \u00b0C temperature variation, while the center achieved 221 \u00b1 10 \u03bc\u03b5 strain variation. The results indicate a different strain variation behavior in the middle location when compared to the negative and positive terminals, as well as a higher temperature variation in both terminals when compared to the middle location. The use of PM-FBG sensors successfully demonstrates their feasibility in locally tracking and discriminating strain and temperature shifts in a battery surface. To our knowledge, this is the first study using the application of PM-FBG sensors to monitor and discriminate critical safety parameters in Li-ion batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries8110233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T19:18:29Z","timestamp":1668107909000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Discrimination in 18650 Li-ion Batteries Using Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Bragg Gratings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9792-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucca","family":"Matuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Lemos","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micael","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116736","article-title":"Importance of Structures and Interactisons in Ionic Liquid-Nanomaterial Composite Systems as a Novel Approach for Their Utilization in Safe Lithium Metal Batteries: A Review","volume":"339","author":"Kataria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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