{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:05Z","timestamp":1760147945430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT","award":["CQE\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","\u2014LA\/P\/0056\/2020","LIS-BOA-01-0247-FEDER-046109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQE\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","\u2014LA\/P\/0056\/2020","LIS-BOA-01-0247-FEDER-046109"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Baterias 2030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CQE\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","\u2014LA\/P\/0056\/2020","LIS-BOA-01-0247-FEDER-046109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQE\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","\u2014LA\/P\/0056\/2020","LIS-BOA-01-0247-FEDER-046109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization (COMPETE 2020)","award":["CQE\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","\u2014LA\/P\/0056\/2020","LIS-BOA-01-0247-FEDER-046109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQE\u2014UIDB\/00100\/2020","UIDP\/00100\/2020","\u2014LA\/P\/0056\/2020","LIS-BOA-01-0247-FEDER-046109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The introduction of pillared agents or dopants to the graphene used as the electroactive material in supercapacitor electrodes can be an efficient way to facilitate ion transfer, mitigate re-stacking, and improve electrochemical performance. We evaluated the effect of different precursors containing nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) atoms to dope graphene flake (GF) lattices. The electrochemical performance of the doped GF was assessed in 1 M KOH and 1 M Na2SO4 electrolytes. N- and S-doped GF flakes were synthesized via mechanochemical synthesis, also known as ball milling. After being ground, the materials were calcined under N2. The physicochemical characterization of the materials evidenced the co-doping of both S and N into the graphene backbone, as corroborated by the results of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As shown by the results, the nature of the precursors influences the ratio of S and N in the doped graphene flakes and, consequently, the response of the electroactive electrode material. The co-doping obtained using 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole revealed a specific capacitance of 48 F.g\u22121 at 1.0 A\u2219g\u22121 and over 90% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10.0 A\u2219g\u22121 in Na2SO4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9030168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:52:13Z","timestamp":1678690333000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of the Precursor on the Electrochemical Performance of N,S Co-Doped Graphene Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural-CQE, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5263-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV\/Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ad\u00e1n-M\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural-CQE, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"C2CNewCap Av. Jos\u00e9 Francisco Guerreiro, Pai\u00e3 Park, Armaz\u00e9m A2.12, 1675-078 Odivelas, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, GI-MOSM, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa\u2014ISEL, 1950-062 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. F.","family":"Montemor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural-CQE, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Ren, P.G., Jin, Y.L., Zhang, H., Ren, F., and Zhang, Q. (2019). Nitrogen-sulphur Co-doped graphenes modified electrospun lignin\/polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber as a high-performance supercapacitor. J. Power Sources, 437.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.226937"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcaraz, L., Ad\u00e1n-M\u00e1s, A., Ar\u00e9valo-Cid, P., de Fatima Montemor, M., and L\u00f3pez, F.A. (2020). Activated Carbons From Winemaking Biowastes for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. Front. Chem., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00686"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M.M., M\u00e1s, A.A., Silva, T.M., and Montemor, M.F. (2021). From manganese oxide to manganese sulphide: Synthesis and its effect on electrochemical energy storage performance. Electrochim. Acta, 389.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.138711"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, Y., Han, M., Xia, Q., Chen, Q., and Chen, M. (2020). Constructing ultra-thin Ni-MOF@NiS2 nanosheets arrays derived from metal organic frameworks for advanced all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor. Mater. Res. Bull., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2020.111186"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Sun, L., Liu, Z., Jiang, Y., and Zhuo, K. (2019). Synthesis of nitrogen\/sulfur co-doped reduced graphene oxide aerogels for high-performance supercapacitors with ionic liquid electrolyte. Mater. Chem. Phys., 238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.121932"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.11.043","article-title":"Coffee-derived activated carbon from second biowaste for supercapacitor applications","volume":"120","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Lu, W., Xu, G., and Chou, T.W. (2021). Structural supercapacitor composites: A review. Compos. Sci. Technol., 204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108636"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X., Zhang, B., Lui, Y.H., and Hu, S. (2019). Ni-Mn bimetallic oxide nanosheets as high-performance electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage, 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.100897"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13740","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR04783D","article-title":"Sulfur-doped porous reduced graphene oxide hollow nanosphere frameworks as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and as supercapacitor electrode materials","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.02.011","article-title":"Facile preparation of nitrogen\/sulfur co-doped and hierarchical porous graphene hydrogel for high-performance electrochemical capacitor","volume":"345","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, M., Balamurugan, J., Li, X., Kim, N.H., and Lee, J.H. (2017). Hierarchical 3D Cobalt-Doped Fe3O4 Nanospheres@NG Hybrid as an Advanced Anode Material for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors. Small, 13.","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201701275"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.01.150","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulfur codoped porous carbon microsphere: A high performance electrode in supercapacitor","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Chen, H., Lu, X., Wang, Y., Tan, L., Sui, D., and Qi, W. (2020). Fabrication of N, S co-doped graphene aerogel for high-performance supercapacitors: \u03c0-conjugated planar molecules as efficient dopants and pillared agents. Appl. Surf. Sci., 529.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.147022"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.10.026","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped graphene sheets as anode materials with superior cycling stability for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"184","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.3390\/s150202438","article-title":"A 3D microfluidic chip for electrochemical detection of hydrolysed nucleic bases by a modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"15","author":"Vlachova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7591","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA00038K","article-title":"Scalable one-step synthesis of N,S co-doped graphene-enhanced hierarchical porous carbon foam for high-performance solid-state supercapacitors","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhyay, K.K., Bundaleska, N., Abrashev, M., Teodoro, O., Fonseca, I., de Ferro, A.M., Silva, R.P., Tatarova, E., and Montemor, M. (2020). Free-standing N-Graphene as conductive matrix for Ni(OH)2 based supercapacitive electrodes. Electrochim. Acta, 334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.135592"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.04.052","article-title":"N-doped microporous carbon microspheres for high volumetric performance supercapacitors","volume":"168","author":"Ferrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0310201","article-title":"Structures of Nitrogen-Rich Sulfides: SN 5 and SN 6","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.11.031","article-title":"The role of holes in improving the performance of nitrogen-doped holey graphene as an active electrode material for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"251","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.11.130","article-title":"Fabrication of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene nanoribbons with porous architecture for high-performance supercapacitors","volume":"312","author":"Gopalsamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37172","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b15940","article-title":"Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-Doped Graphene Nanosheets to Improve Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.05.022","article-title":"Symmetric supercapacitor: Sulphurized graphene and ionic liquid","volume":"527","author":"Shaikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Wang, L.X., Wu, D.L., Xia, W., and Jia, D.Z. (2015). Interaction between nitrogen and sulfur in co-doped graphene and synergetic effect in supercapacitor. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09591"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/cs200652y","article-title":"Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: Synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.04.057","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous graphene aerogel as an efficient electrode material for high performance supercapacitor in ionic liquid electrolyte","volume":"390","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9532","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA00936C","article-title":"Importance of open, heteroatom-decorated edges in chemically doped-graphene for supercapacitor applications","volume":"2","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.12.188","article-title":"Directly scalable preparation of sandwiched MoS2\/graphene nanocomposites via ball-milling with excellent electrochemical energy storage performance","volume":"299","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.07.273","article-title":"Study of carbon materials and effect of its ball milling, on the capacitance of supercapacitor","volume":"54","author":"SaGodse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.11.159","article-title":"Gram-scale production of B, N co-doped graphene-like carbon for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes","volume":"435","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA14632D","article-title":"Facile and economical mass production of graphene dispersions and flakes","volume":"2","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.06.175","article-title":"Towards efficient oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts through graphene doping","volume":"319","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2015.11.012","article-title":"Advanced materials for aqueous supercapacitors in the asymmetric design","volume":"25","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathumba, P., Fernandes, D.M., Matos, R., Iwuoha, E.I., and Freire, C. (2020). Metal Oxide (Co3O4 and Mn3O4) Impregnation into S, N-doped Graphene for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071562"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.61.14095","article-title":"Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon A","volume":"61","author":"Ferrari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6376","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b00299","article-title":"Polyoxotungstate@Carbon Nanocomposites As Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Electrocatalysts","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farivar, F., Yap, P.L., Karunagaran, R.U., and Losic, D. (2021). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Graphene Materials: Effect of Particle Size of Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Graphite on Thermal Parameters. J. Carbon Res., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/c7020041"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limani, N., Marques, I.S., Jarrais, B., Fernandes, A.J.S., Freire, C., and Fernandes, D.M. (2022). Cobalt Phosphotungstate-Based Composites as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reactions. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12040357"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200186","article-title":"Efficient synthesis of heteroatom (N or S)-doped graphene based on ultrathin graphene oxide-porous silica sheets for oxygen reduction reactions","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Wang, T., Wang, L., and Jia, D. (2019). Hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen, sulfur co-doped graphene and its high performance in supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 290.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.06.018"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b03354","article-title":"Deciphering the role of quaternary n in O2 reduction over controlled n-doped carbon catalysts","volume":"32","author":"Haque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201201080","article-title":"Hydroxylated graphene-sulfur nanocomposites for high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries","volume":"3","author":"Zu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6186","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401427","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulfur codoped graphene: Multifunctional electrode materials for high-performance LI-ion batteries and oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"26","author":"Ai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2017.09.003","article-title":"Sodium storage mechanism of N, S co-doped nanoporous carbon: Experimental design and theoretical evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Jin, J., Wang, N., Wang, Y., and Sui, D. (2021). Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped three-dimensional graphene aerogels for high-performance supercapacitors: A head to head vertical bicyclic molecule both as pillaring agent and dopant. Appl. Surf. Sci., 565.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.150453"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.03.135","article-title":"Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped nanoporous carbon material derived from p-nitrobenzenamine within several minutes and the supercapacitor application","volume":"649","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-020-03448-1","article-title":"Investigations on the nature of electrolyte on the electrochemical supercapacitor performance of heteroatom doped graphene","volume":"26","author":"Balaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ionics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NJ05191A","article-title":"High-voltage aqueous symmetric supercapacitors based on 3D bicontinuous, highly wrinkled, N-doped porous graphene-like ultrathin carbon sheets","volume":"46","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.02.031","article-title":"A facile preparation of three dimensional N, S co-doped graphene hydrogels with thiocarbohydrazide for electrode materials in supercapacitor","volume":"147","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhu, Y., Chen, X., and Yi, W. (2020). Nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus tri-doped holey graphene oxide as a novel electrode material for application in supercapacitor. J. Alloys Compd., 815.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152328"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besir, M., G\u00fcrsu, H., Gencten, M., and Sahin, Y. (2021). Preparation of different heteroatom doped graphene oxide based electrodes by electrochemical method and their supercapacitor applications. J. Energy Storage, 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102328"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.20964\/2020.01.13","article-title":"One-step synthesis of nitrogen, sulphur-codoped graphene as electrode material for supercapacitor with excellent cycling stability","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2019.07.007","article-title":"Heteroatom doped high porosity carbon nanomaterials as electrodes for energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: A review","volume":"4","author":"Abbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-019-00731-y","article-title":"Voltammetric determination of fenitrothion based on pencil graphite electrode modified with poly(Purpald\u00ae)","volume":"73","author":"Soysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M88","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0281512jss","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Electrode Material with Enhanced Energy Density for Next-Generation Supercapacitor Application","volume":"4","author":"Kesavan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2015.09.006","article-title":"Easy one-step synthesis of N-doped graphene for supercapacitors","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, S., Wei, J., Meng, X., and Shao, Z. (2020). Facile and friendly preparation of N\/S Co-doped graphene-like carbon nanosheets with hierarchical pore by molten salt for all-solid-state supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta, 331.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.135338"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.04.070","article-title":"Enhancement of the Ni-Co hydroxide response as Energy Storage Material by Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide","volume":"240","author":"Duarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.10.196","article-title":"N\/S dual-doped graphene with high defect density for enhanced supercapacitor properties","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19114","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03709","article-title":"Hybrid Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Supported Mn-Ni-Co Ternary Oxides for Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EN00355J","article-title":"Influence of functional groups on the degradation of graphene oxide nanomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Shams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13672","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.2c02335","article-title":"Electrostructural Compatibility of Battery-Type Diffuse-Porous Co9S8-NiCo2S4\/Defective Reduced Graphene Oxide and Flaky FeS\/Nitrogen-Doped Defective Reduced Graphene Oxide for Ultra-High-Performance All-Solid-State Hybrid Pseudocapacitors","volume":"5","author":"Sonia","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K.P., Bhattacharjya, D., Razmjooei, F., and Yu, J.S. (2016). Effect of pristine graphene incorporation on charge storage mechanism of three-dimensional graphene oxide: Superior energy and power density retention. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31555"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, B., Saha, S., Das, D., Panda, J., Das, S., Sarkar, R., and Tudu, B. (2022). Supercapacitor performance of nitrogen doped graphene synthesized via DMF assisted single-step solvothermal method. FlatChem, 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flatc.2022.100400"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.02.112","article-title":"Capacitance enhancement of nitrogen-doped graphene oxide\/magnetite with polyaniline or carbon dots under external magnetic field: Supported by theoretical estimation","volume":"594","author":"Fite","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12983","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b00323","article-title":"High-Performance Supercapacitor of Graphene Quantum Dots with Uniform Sizes","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26892","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA03911C","article-title":"Pentafluoropyridine functionalized novel heteroatom-doped with hierarchical porous 3D cross-linked graphene for supercapacitor applications","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.05.127","article-title":"Porous carbon materials with dual N, S-doping and uniform ultra-microporosity for high performance supercapacitors","volume":"209","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.07.062","article-title":"Capacitance behavior of KOH activated mesocarbon microbeads in different aqueous electrolytes","volume":"86","author":"Kierzek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.09.044","article-title":"From weed to multi-heteroatom-doped honeycomb-like porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors: A gelatinization-controlled one-step carbonization","volume":"402","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan, A., and Badhulika, S. (2021). From onion skin waste to multi-heteroatom self-doped highly wrinkled porous carbon nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitor device. J. Energy Storage, 38.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102533"}],"container-title":["Batteries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-0105\/9\/3\/168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:53:45Z","timestamp":1760122425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-0105\/9\/3\/168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["batteries9030168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/batteries9030168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-0105"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-0105"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}