{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:38:22Z","timestamp":1765233502705,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"COMPETE 2020 Program and National Funds through FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/NAN\/50024\/2019","UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/NAN\/50024\/2019","UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UID\/NAN\/50024\/2019","UIDP\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/NAN\/50024\/2019","UIDP\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rechargeable sodium seawater batteries (SWBs) are gaining the world leadership of high voltage energy storage devices for marine environments. With natural seawater as the source of active material, SWBs can be supplied infinitely with Na cations. Because of their open-structured cathode, the cathode material\u2019s specific surface area, porosity and wettability need to be optimized to achieve a high-performance cell. In this work, activated textile polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were used to produce an activated carbon felt with a facile manufacturing process. The easy and low-cost production of these fibers makes them excellent candidates for energy storage applications involving oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. The electrochemical performance results of the fabricated activated PAN fibers and of commercial carbon felts were measured and compared, being characterized through galvanostic charge discharge cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetries. A performance improvement was observed with PAN activated carbon felt as half cell with a capacitance increase (about 9000%), and as full cell with a smaller voltage gap (about 10%) and increased gravimetric capacitance (about 260%) when compared to the commercial carbon felt. The successful implementation of PAN activated carbon felts in an aqueous environment opens new paths toward high performance seawater battery\u2019s cathodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9030178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:09:37Z","timestamp":1679281777000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Textile PAN Carbon Fibers Cathode for High-Voltage Seawater Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4384-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2326-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jossano","family":"Marcuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JMHP\u2014Consultoria em Materiais Ltda, Departamento de PDI, Jacarei 12301-600, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9835-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FACET)\/Qu\u00edmica, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados\u2014UFGD Unidade II, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA), INEGI, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804936","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804936","article-title":"Rechargeable seawater batteries\u2014From concept to applications","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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