{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:49:38Z","timestamp":1773424178849,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gobierno Vasco\/Eusko Jaurlaritza","award":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno Vasco\/Eusko Jaurlaritza","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno Vasco\/Eusko Jaurlaritza","award":["IT1546-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1546-22"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno Vasco\/Eusko Jaurlaritza","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IT1546-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1546-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIN","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["IT1546-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1546-22"]}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107468RB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IT1546-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1546-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Basque Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Batteries"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium batteries are receiving increasing interest as an alternative to reduce dependence on lithium-based systems. Furthermore, the development of solid-state electrolytes will lead to higher-performing and safer devices. In this work, a Zn-based metal\u2013organic framework (Zn-MOF-74) is combined as a physical barrier against the growth of dendrites, together with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][TFSI]) ionic liquid, which provides improved mobility to sodium ions. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of the appropriate amount of ionic liquid within the pores of the MOF produces a considerable increase in ionic conductivity, achieving values as high as 5 \u00d7 10\u22124 S cm\u22121 at room temperature, in addition to an acceptable Na+ transference number. Furthermore, the developed Na[EMIm][TFSI]@Zn-MOF-74 hybrid solid electrolyte contributes to stable and dendrite-free sodium plating\/stripping for more than 100 h. Finally, a more than notable extension of the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte has been determined, being useful even above 7 V vs. Na+\/Na. Overall, this work presents a suitable strategy for the next generation of solid-state sodium batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9120588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1702379370000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ionic Liquid-Laden Zn-MOF-74-Based Solid-State Electrolyte for Sodium Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4484-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Mirandona-Olaeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eider","family":"Goikolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senentxu","family":"Lanceros-Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7019-7249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkaitz","family":"Fidalgo-Marijuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV\/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4179-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idoia","family":"Ruiz de Larramendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco (UPV\/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE03051F","article-title":"Power-to-What?-Environmental Assessment of Energy Storage Systems","volume":"8","author":"Sternberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109710","article-title":"Progress and Prospects of Energy Storage Technology Research: Based on Multidimensional Comparison","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.105030","article-title":"Global Warming Potential of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Review","volume":"52","author":"Gutsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2023.100569","article-title":"Advances of Lithium-Ion Batteries Anode Materials\u2014A Review","volume":"16","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108079","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202108079","article-title":"2D Materials for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2022.100999","article-title":"Solid State Lithium Metal Batteries\u2014Issues and Challenges at the Lithium-Solid Electrolyte Interface","volume":"26","author":"Raj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00863E","article-title":"Rechargeable Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002055","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202002055","article-title":"Na-Ion Batteries\u2014Approaching Old and New Challenges","volume":"10","author":"Goikolea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14539","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA03548A","article-title":"Nonflammable Electrolyte for Safer Non-Aqueous Sodium Batteries","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00111","article-title":"Fundamentals of Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries: Challenges and Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE03651A","article-title":"The Potential of Electrolyte Filled MOF Membranes","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2020.106881","article-title":"Electrochemistry Communications Recent Advances in Lithium-Based Batteries Using Metal Organic Frameworks as Electrode Materials","volume":"122","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.09.019","article-title":"Metal-Organic Frameworks for Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995063","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.995063","article-title":"Exploring Ionic Liquid-Laden Metal-Organic Framework Composite Materials as Hybrid Electrolytes in Metal (Ion) Batteries","volume":"10","author":"Goikolea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109427","article-title":"Recent Advances in Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Derived Metal Oxides and Its Composites for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications","volume":"74","author":"Sahoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109518","article-title":"Exploration of Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for an Efficient Energy Storage Applications","volume":"74","author":"Shahzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.01.007","article-title":"Anion-Immobilized Polymer Electrolyte Achieved by Cationic Metal-Organic Framework Fi Ller for Dendrite-Free Solid-State Batteries","volume":"18","author":"Huo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.172318","article-title":"Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery: The Key Components Enhance the Performance and Efficiency of Anode, Cathode, and Solid Electrolytes","volume":"969","author":"Shalaby","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.11.017","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for High Performance Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.117210","article-title":"Novel Access to Ionic Liquids Based on Trivalent Metal\u2013EDTA Complexes and Their Thermal and Electrochemical Characterization","volume":"340","author":"Guglielmero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c04078","article-title":"Transport Properties of Ionic Liquid and Sodium Salt Mixtures for Sodium-Ion Battery Electrolytes from Molecular Dynamics Simulation with a Self-Consistent Atomic Charge Determination","volume":"124","author":"Hakim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majid, M.F., Zaid, H.F.M., Kait, C.F., Ahmad, A., and Jumbri, K. (2022). Ionic Liquid@Metal-Organic Framework as a Solid Electrolyte in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Current Performance and Perspective at Molecular Level. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12071076"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6086","DOI":"10.1039\/D2DT00526C","article-title":"MOF-Supported Crystalline Ionic Liquid: New Type of Solid Electrolyte for Enhanced and High Ionic Conductivity","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.378-381.118","article-title":"WinPLOTR: A Windows Tool for Powder Diffraction Pattern Analysis","volume":"378","author":"Roisnel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-019-01207-y","article-title":"A Highly Reversible Sorption for Sulfur-Containing Toxic VOCs Emissions Under Ambient Temperature and Pressure","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1366\/000370207783292000","article-title":"Experimental Vibrational Study of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids: Raman and Infrared Spectra of 1-Ethyl-3methylimidazolium Bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) Imide and 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate","volume":"61","author":"Kiefer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1021\/ja045123o","article-title":"Rod Packings and Metal-Organic Frameworks Constructed from Rod-Shaped Secondary Building Units","volume":"127","author":"Rosi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.229796","article-title":"Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries: Ionic Conductivity and Chemical Interaction Enhanced by Oxygen Vacancy in Ceramic Nanofibers","volume":"495","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24662","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02563","article-title":"Ionic Liquid (IL) Laden Metal-Organic Framework (IL-MOF) Electrolyte for Quasi-Solid-State Sodium Batteries","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60198-w","article-title":"Sodium Ion Conductivity in Superionic IL-Impregnated Metal-Organic Frameworks: Enhancing Stability Through Structural Disorder","volume":"10","author":"Nozari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17696","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b07658","article-title":"Anisotropic Redox Conductivity within a Metal-Organic Framework Material","volume":"141","author":"Goswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c01847","article-title":"Engineering Electrical Conductivity in Stable Zirconium-Based PCN-222 MOFs with Permanent Mesoporosity","volume":"32","author":"Pratik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18999","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.3c02647","article-title":"From a Collapse-Prone, Insulating Ni-MOF-74 Analogue to Crystalline, Porous, and Electrically Conducting PEDOT@MOF Composites","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118506","article-title":"Detailing Molecular Interactions of Ionic Liquids with Charged SiO2 Surfaces: A Systematic AFM Study","volume":"350","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100131","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.202100131","article-title":"From High- to Low-Temperature: The Revival of Sodium-Beta Alumina for Sodium Solid-State Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Fertig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Batter. Supercaps"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201901753","article-title":"Combining Ionic Liquids and Sodium Salts into Metal-Organic Framework for High-Performance Ionic Conduction","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15914","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT02576C","article-title":"Comparison of the Ionic Conductivity Properties of Microporous and Mesoporous MOFs Infiltrated with a Na-Ion Containing IL Mixture","volume":"49","author":"Tuffnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.1c00059","article-title":"Theoretical Investigation of the Na+Transport Mechanism and the Performance of Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes in Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"4","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-080619-012811","article-title":"Teaching Metal-Organic Frameworks to Conduct: Ion and Electron Transport in Metal-Organic Frameworks","volume":"52","author":"Kharod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/ese3.1163","article-title":"Ionic Conductivity and Ion Transport Mechanisms of Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00590","article-title":"Elucidating the Molecular Origins of the Transference Number in Battery Electrolytes Using Computer Simulations","volume":"3","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.02.025","article-title":"Measurement of Transference Numbers for Lithium Ion Electrolytes via Four Different Methods, a Comparative Study","volume":"56","author":"Zugmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(87)90394-6","article-title":"Electrochemical Measurement of Transference Numbers in Polymer Electrolytes","volume":"28","author":"Evans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701785","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701785","article-title":"Progress in High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"8","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipitsyn, V., Jayakumar, R., Zuo, W., Sun, B., and Ma, L. (2023). Understanding High-Voltage Behavior of Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials Using Synchrotron X-Ray and Neutron Techniques: A Review. Batteries, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9090461"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/batteries10060203","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000}}],"container-title":["Batteries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-0105\/9\/12\/588\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T15:15:42Z","timestamp":1754234142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-0105\/9\/12\/588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["batteries9120588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/batteries9120588","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/batteries10060203","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2313-0105"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-0105","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}}}