{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:05:48Z","timestamp":1777712748366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Beverages"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wine quality is determined by the development of grape maturation, which is highly dependent on climate variations. Extreme weather events are becoming more common, which will affect the productivity and quality of grapes and wine. Grape development depends on many factors, including weather, and extreme events will influence berry size, skin thickness and the development of some key compounds, such as phenolics. In this work, the ripening evolution and phenolic content of Vitis vinifera extracts from a vineyard in Alentejo (Portugal) were evaluated in two distinct climatic years. During this period, the influence of climatic conditions on grape ripening, and thereby on red wine quality, was assessed. The results demonstrate differences in polyphenol compounds between years and the importance of monitoring their content during maturation. The reduction of berry size, apparently due to lower pluviosity and higher temperatures, resulted in a higher content of polyphenolic compounds related to grape quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages9010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T03:41:52Z","timestamp":1673926912000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Climate Effect on Morphological Traits and Polyphenolic Composition of Red Wine Grapes of Vitis vinifera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6682-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Rouxinol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8634-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e da Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanda","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICT\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (Polo de \u00c9vora), Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICT\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra (Polo de \u00c9vora), Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Mota","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Elisa","family":"Rato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development, CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Escobar, R., Alia\u00f1o-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.J., and Cantos-Villar, E. (2021). Wine Polyphenol Content and Its Influence on Wine Quality and Properties: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030718"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouxinol, M.I., Martins, M.R., Murta, G.C., Mota Barroso, J., and Rato, A.E. (2022). Quality Assessment of Red Wine Grapes through NIR Spectroscopy. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030637"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allegro, G., Pastore, C., Valentini, G., and Filippetti, I. (2021). The Evolution of Phenolic Compounds in Vitis vinifera L. Red Berries during Ripening: Analysis and Role on Wine Sensory\u2014A Review. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11050999"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasi, D., Gaiotti, F., and Jones, G.V. (2013). Organoleptic Characteristics of the Wines. The Power of the Terroir: The Case Study of Prosecco Wine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0628-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.153","article-title":"Analysis of Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Tannins Content in Romanian Red Wines: Prediction of Antioxidant Activities and Classification of Wines Using Artificial Neural Networks","volume":"150","author":"Hosu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-022-03966-4","article-title":"Cell Wall Characterization of New Monastrell Hybrid Descendants and Their Phenolic Wine Composition","volume":"248","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-021-00602-2","article-title":"Cuticle and Skin Cell Walls Have Common and Unique Roles in Grape Berry Splitting","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Zietsman, A.J.J., Vivier, M.A., and Moore, J.P. (2019). Deconstructing Wine Grape Cell Walls with Enzymes During Winemaking: New Insights from Glycan Microarray Technology. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010165"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry4010008","article-title":"Application of Elicitors at Two Maturation Stages of Vitis vinifera L. Cv Monastrell: Changes in Skin Cell Walls","volume":"4","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deloire, A., Rogiers, S., \u0160uklje, K., Antalick, G., Zeyu, X., and Pellegrino, A. (2021). Grapevine Berry Shrivelling, Water Loss and Cell Death: An Increasing Challenge for Growers in the Context of Climate Change: Original Language of the Article: English. Tech. Rev.","DOI":"10.20870\/IVES-TR.2021.4615"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2010.12.001","article-title":"Determination of Phenolic Compounds of Grape Skins during Ripening by NIR Spectroscopy","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.25.863","article-title":"Adsorption Properties of Grape Phenolics to Grape Insoluble Cell Wall Materials","volume":"25","author":"Inoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"FSTR"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gladstones, J. (2021). Viticulture and Environment, Trivinum Press Pty Ltd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldo, E., Fucile, M., and Mattii, G.B. (2022). Effects of Kaolin and Shading Net on the Ecophysiology and Berry Composition of Sauvignon Blanc Grapevines. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12040491"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12414","article-title":"Advancement of Grape Maturity: Comparison between Contrasting Cultivars and Regions","volume":"26","author":"Cameron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"51","article-title":"Anthocyanin Profile and Antioxidant Activity from 24 Grape Varieties Cultivated in Two Portuguese Wine Regions","volume":"48","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Des Sci. De La Vigne Et Du Vin"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.06.007","article-title":"Search for Suitable Maturation Parameters to Define the Harvest Maturity of Plums (Prunus domestica L.): A Case Study of Candied Plums","volume":"112","author":"Nunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.01.082","article-title":"Characterization of Polyphenols and Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Pomace of the Cv. Malbec","volume":"178","author":"Antoniolli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2018.12.010","article-title":"Development of Predictive Models for Quality and Maturation Stage Attributes of Wine Grapes Using Vis-Nir Reflectance Spectroscopy","volume":"150","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1507-x","article-title":"Impact of Soil Texture and Water Availability on the Hydraulic Control of Plant and Grape-Berry Development","volume":"368","author":"Tramontini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)073<0447:THOTUR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The History of the UV Radiation Climate of the Earth\u2014Theoretical and Space-Based Observations","volume":"73","author":"Cockell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del-Castillo-Alonso, M.-\u00c1., Monforte, L., Tom\u00e1s-Las-Heras, R., Mart\u00ednez-Abaigar, J., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Olivera, E. (2021). To What Extent Are the Effects of UV Radiation on Grapes Conserved in the Resulting Wines?. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081678"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/ajgw.12265","article-title":"Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Study of Phenolic Substances and Other Major Compounds in Red Wines: Relationship between Astringency and the Concentration of Phenolic Substances","volume":"23","author":"Boulet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148703","article-title":"Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pesticides in a Mediterranean Basin with Strong Agricultural Pressure (Guadiana Basin: Southern of Portugal)","volume":"794","author":"Palma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40626-016-0074-6","article-title":"Adaptive Strategies of Two Mediterranean Grapevines Varieties (Aragonez Syn. Tempranillo and Trincadeira) Face Drought: Physiological and Structural Responses","volume":"28","author":"Vaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq030","article-title":"Grapevine under Deficit Irrigation: Hints from Physiological and Molecular Data","volume":"105","author":"Chaves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"60","article-title":"Influ\u00eancia Da Rega Na Composi\u00e7\u00e3o Fen\u00f3lica Das Uvas Tintas Da Casta TOURIGA FRANCESA (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"2","author":"Laureano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cienc. Y Tecnol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2503\/hortj.UTD-141","article-title":"Prediction of Acid Concentration in Wine and Table Grape Berries from Air Temperature","volume":"89","author":"Sugiura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hortic. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Fraga, H., Malheiro, A.C., Moutinho-Pereira, J., Dinis, L.-T., Correia, C., Moriondo, M., Leolini, L., Dibari, C., and Costafreda-Aumedes, S. (2020). A Review of the Potential Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options for European Viticulture. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093092"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2008.00005.x","article-title":"Advancement of Grapevine Maturity in Australia between 1993 and 2006: Putative Causes, Magnitude of Trends and Viticultural Consequences","volume":"14","author":"Petrie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2011.00164.x","article-title":"Characterisation and Evolution of Grape Polyphenol Profiles of Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Tannat during Ripening and Vinification: Polyphenolic Profiles of Tannat","volume":"17","author":"Boido","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1971.22.2.71","article-title":"Effect of Temperature on the Composition of \u201cCabernet Sauvignon\u201d Berries","volume":"22","author":"Buttrose","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, C., Gra\u00e7a, A., Fontes, N., Teixeira, M., Ger\u00f3s, H., and Santos, J.A. (2020). The Interplay between Atmospheric Conditions and Grape Berry Quality Parameters in Portugal. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144943"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Antunes, M.T., Lehmann, J., Dias, J.E.E., and B\u00f6hm, J. (2011). Atlas Das Castas Da Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica: Hist\u00f3ria, Terroir, Ampelografia, Dinalivros."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2006.05.003","article-title":"Upgrading of Grape Skins: Significance of Plant Cell-Wall Structural Components and Extraction Techniques for Phenol Release","volume":"17","author":"Pinelo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8270","article-title":"The Composition of Cell Walls from Grape Skin in Vitis Vinifera Intraspecific Hybrids: Cell Wall Composition of Skin of Intraspecific Hybrid Grapes","volume":"97","author":"Terrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.12.015","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds of Red Grapes from D\u00e3o Region (Portugal): Evaluation of Phenolic and Organic Profile","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido, I., Uriarte, D., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Llerena, J.L., Vald\u00e9s, M.E., and Espinosa, F. (2016). The Evolution of Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities during Ripening of Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.,Cv. Tempranillo) Grown in Semiarid Region: Effects of Cluster Thinning and Water Deficit. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17111923"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.5.10.11978","article-title":"An Enhancing Effect of Visible Light and UV Radiation on Phenolic Compounds and Various Antioxidants in Broad Bean Seedlings","volume":"5","author":"Younis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00541","article-title":"Editorial: Ultraviolet Radiation: Friend or Foe for Plants?","volume":"11","author":"Llorens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"222","article-title":"Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Biological Functions, and Biotechnological Applications","volume":"3","author":"Rius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2012.06.018","article-title":"Impact of Irrigation Regime on Berry Development and Flavonoids Composition in Aragonez (Syn. Tempranillo) Grapevine","volume":"114","author":"Zarrouk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"214","article-title":"Relationship Between Antioxidant Capacity, Proanthocyanidin and Anthocyanin Content During Grape Maturation of Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz Grape Varieties","volume":"33","author":"Correia","year":"2012","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.10.017","article-title":"Mechanical Properties, Phenolic Composition and Extractability Indices of Barbera Grapes of Different Soluble Solids Contents from Several Growing Areas","volume":"660","author":"Torchio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.07.026","article-title":"Dissecting the Polysaccharide-Rich Grape Cell Wall Changes during Winemaking Using Combined High-Throughput and Fractionation Methods","volume":"133","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"147","article-title":"Anthocyanins and Tannins in Four Grape Varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) Evolution of Their Content and Extractability","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Int. Des Sci. De La Vigne Et Du Vin"}],"container-title":["Beverages"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5710\/9\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:07:37Z","timestamp":1760119657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5710\/9\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["beverages9010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/beverages9010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5710"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5710","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]}}}