{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T08:41:02Z","timestamp":1775896862608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 21874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"European Cooperation in Science &amp; Technology (COST)","award":["No. 21874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21874"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/32587\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00009\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020 through ERDF in the frame of COMPETE 2020 No. 246\/AXIS II\/2017","award":["No. 21874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 21874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellulose micro\/nanomaterials (CMNMs) are innovative materials with a wide spectrum of industrial and biomedical applications. Although cellulose has been recognized as a safe material, the unique properties of its nanosized forms have raised concerns about their safety for human health. Genotoxicity is an endpoint that must be assessed to ensure that no carcinogenic risks are associated with exposure to nanomaterials. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxicity of two types of cellulose micro\/nanofibrils (CMF and CNF) and one sample of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), obtained from industrial bleached Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp. For that, we exposed co-cultures of human alveolar epithelial A549 cells and THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages to a concentration range of each CMNM and used the micronucleus (MN) and comet assays. Our results showed that only the lowest concentrations of the CMF sample were able to induce DNA strand breaks (FPG-comet assay). However, none of the three CMNMs produced significant chromosomal alterations (MN assay). These findings, together with results from previous in vitro studies using monocultures of A549 cells, indicate that the tested CNF and CNC are not genotoxic under the conditions tested, while the CMF display a low genotoxic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10080986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:49:34Z","timestamp":1692582574000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessing the Genotoxicity of Cellulose Nanomaterials in a Co-Culture of Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAIZ\u2014Forest and Paper Research Institute, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge F. S.","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, P\u00f3lo II, R. S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susete N.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafaela R.","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4503-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. T.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, P\u00f3lo II, R. S\u00edlvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriqueta","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"ToxOmics\u2014Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117510","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibers production using a set of recombinant enzymes","volume":"256","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moohan, J., Stewart, S.A., Espinosa, E., Rosal, A., Rodr\u00edguez, A., Larra\u00f1eta, E., Donnelly, R.F., and Dom\u00ednguez-Robles, J. (2019). Cellulose Nanofibers and Other Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications. A Review. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010065"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00392","article-title":"Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications","volume":"8","author":"Trache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2019.1612726","article-title":"Preparation of nanocellulose and its potential in reinforced composites: A review","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.07.128","article-title":"Recent advances in nanocellulose-based different biomaterials: Types, properties, and emerging applications","volume":"14","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crcon.2018.05.004","article-title":"Nanocellulose: Extraction and application","volume":"1","author":"Phanthong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon Resour. Convers."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrega, M., and Orelma, H. (2019). Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF) Films and Xylan from Hot Water Extracted Birch Kraft Pulps. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9163436"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Salvador, J.L., Campano, C., Lopez-Exposito, P., Tarr\u00e9s, Q., Mutj\u00e9, P., Delgado-Aguilar, M., Monte, M.C., and Blanco, A. (2021). Enhanced Morphological Characterization of Cellulose Nano\/Microfibers through Image Skeleton Analysis. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082077"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119258","article-title":"Emerging technologies for the production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"285","author":"Pradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.09.002","article-title":"Recent advances in surface-modified cellulose nanofibrils","volume":"88","author":"Rol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91420-y","article-title":"Cellulose nanofibrils manufactured by various methods with application as paper strength additives","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, T., Zhao, H., Mo, Q., Pan, D., Liu, Y., Huang, L., Xu, H., Hu, B., and Song, H. (2020). From Cellulose to Cellulose Nanofibrils\u2014A Comprehensive Review of the Preparation and Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225062"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-1871-7","article-title":"Morphology of the nanocellulose produced by periodate oxidation and reductive treatment of cellulose fibers","volume":"25","author":"Errokh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732513","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.732513","article-title":"The Application Status of Nanoscale Cellulose-Based Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Biomedicine","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200076","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202200076","article-title":"Nanocellulose: Recent Advances Toward Biomedical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Smole, M.S., Hribernik, S., Kure\u010di\u010d, M., Krajnc, A.U., Kre\u017ee, T., and Kleinschek, K.S. (2019). Surface Properties of Non-Conventional Cellulose Fibres, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.160","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystals prepared from wheat bran: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment","volume":"140","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.079","article-title":"Banana starch nanocomposite with cellulose nanofibers isolated from banana peel by enzymatic treatment: In vitro cytotoxicity assessment","volume":"207","author":"Tibolla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2014.948650","article-title":"Lung biodurability and free radical production of cellulose nanomaterials","volume":"26","author":"Stefaniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.014","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystals as carriers in medicine and their toxicities: A review","volume":"181","author":"Seabra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.04.013","article-title":"Evaluating the genotoxicity of cellulose nanofibrils in a co-culture of human lung epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"291","author":"Ventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2020.1814440","article-title":"Human hazard potential of nanocellulose: Quantitative insights from the literature","volume":"14","author":"Stoudmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-016-0230-9","article-title":"A critical review of the current knowledge regarding the biological impact of nanocellulose","volume":"14","author":"Endes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03176-9","article-title":"On the toxicity of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils in animal and cellular models","volume":"27","author":"Ventura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.01.003","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of nanofibrillated celluloses in mice suggest that carboxylation lowers the inflammatory and acute phase responses","volume":"66","author":"Hadrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"23","article-title":"Genotoxic and inflammatory effects of nanofibrillated cellulose in murine lungs","volume":"32","author":"Rydman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075103","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/7\/075103","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and expression of genes involved in the cellular stress response and apoptosis in mammalian fibroblast exposed to cotton cellulose nanofibers","volume":"24","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.12.105","article-title":"Fibrillar vs crystalline nanocellulose pulmonary epithelial cell responses: Cytotoxicity or inflammation?","volume":"171","author":"Menas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/jox12020009","article-title":"Genotoxicity of Three Micro\/Nanocelluloses with Different Physicochemical Characteristics in MG-63 and V79 Cells","volume":"12","author":"Ventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cellulose nanocrystal cationic derivative induces NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1\u03b2 secretion associated with mitochondrial ROS production","volume":"4","author":"Sunasee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2018.12.009","article-title":"Mechanisms of the immune response cause by cationic and anionic surface functionalized cellulose nanocrystals using cell-based assays","volume":"55","author":"Despres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200865j","article-title":"Investigating the Interaction of Cellulose Nanofibers Derived from Cotton with a Sophisticated 3D Human Lung Cell Coculture","volume":"12","author":"Clift","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.11.005","article-title":"Human lung epithelial cell cultures for analysis of inhaled toxicants: Lessons learned and future directions","volume":"47","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.09.26","article-title":"Engineering tissue alternatives to animals: Applying tissue engineering to basic research and safety testing","volume":"4","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00911","article-title":"Impact of Culture Medium on Cellular Interactions in in vitro Co-culture Systems","volume":"8","author":"Vis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuppusamy, P., Kim, D., Soundharrajan, I., Hwang, I., and Choi, K.C. (2020). Adipose and Muscle Cell Co-Culture System: A Novel In Vitro Tool to Mimic the In Vivo Cellular Environment. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010006"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-8166(97)80052-3","article-title":"The development and utility of a defined muscle and fat co-culture system","volume":"29","author":"Dodson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00300","article-title":"Biological effects of ultrafine model particles in human macrophages and epithelial cells in mono- and co-culture","volume":"207","author":"Wottrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2019.1695975","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of MWCNT-7 and crocidolite: Assessment in alveolar epithelial cells versus their coculture with monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Ventura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2020.503135","article-title":"Use of in vitro 3D tissue models in genotoxicity testing: Strategic fit, validation status and way forward. Report of the working group from the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT)","volume":"850\u2013851","author":"Pfuhler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gew064","article-title":"Weak silica nanomaterial-induced genotoxicity can be explained by indirect DNA damage as shown by the OGG1-modified comet assay and genomic analysis","volume":"32","author":"Pfuhler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.04.004","article-title":"Immunological aspects of nanocellulose","volume":"222","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohl, Y., Rund\u00e9n-Pran, E., Mariussen, E., Hesler, M., El Yamani, N., Longhin, E.M., and Dusinska, M. (2020). Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials: Advanced In Vitro Models and High Throughput Methods for Human Hazard Assessment\u2014A Review. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10101911"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390.2013.773464","article-title":"Mechanisms of genotoxicity. A review of in vitro and in vivo studies with engineered nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Magdolenova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845987","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.845987","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Genotoxicity of Nanoparticles: Establishing a Co-Culture Protocol for Assessing Micronucleus Using Flow Cytometry","volume":"4","author":"Vallabani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00071","article-title":"Exploring Flow Cytometry-Based Micronucleus Scoring for Reliable Nanomaterial Genotoxicity Assessment","volume":"33","author":"Franz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, F., Louren\u00e7o, A.F., Pedrosa, J.F.S., Gon\u00e7alves, L., Ventura, C., Vital, N., Bettencourt, A., Fernandes, S.N., da Rosa, R.R., and Godinho, M.H. (2022). Analysis of the In Vitro Toxicity of Nanocelluloses in Human Lung Cells as Compared to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12091432"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"OECD (2016). Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test, OECD."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.09.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of benchmark multi-walled carbon nanotubes in relation to their physicochemical properties","volume":"262","author":"Louro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"OECD (2010). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals 487-In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test, OECD."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"171","article-title":"Genotoxic and immunotoxic effects of cellulose nanocrystals in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Ilves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500153k","article-title":"In Vivo Evaluation of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Renewable and Sustainable Nanomaterial of the Future","volume":"2","author":"Yanamala","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b00756","article-title":"In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of Lignin-(Un)coated Cellulose Based Nanomaterials on Human A549 and THP-1 Cells","volume":"17","author":"Yanamala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-016-0182-0","article-title":"In vitro biological responses to nanofibrillated cellulose by human dermal, lung and immune cells: Surface chemistry aspect","volume":"14","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aimonen, K., Suhonen, S., Hartikainen, M., Lopes, V.R., Norppa, H., Ferraz, N., and Catal\u00e1n, J. (2021). Role of Surface Chemistry in the In Vitro Lung Response to Nanofibrillated Cellulose. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020389"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126170","article-title":"Enhanced morphological transformation of human lung epithelial cells by continuous exposure to cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"250","author":"Kisin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2620","article-title":"Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: Acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits","volume":"9","author":"Polyak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.016","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis","volume":"711","author":"Kryston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1021\/am1006222","article-title":"Effect of Surface Charge on the Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Fluorescent Labeled Cellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"2","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shazali, N.A.H., Zaidi, N.E., Ariffin, H., Abdullah, L.C., Ghaemi, F., Abdullah, J.M., Takashima, I., and Rahman, N.M.A.N.A. (2019). Characterization and Cellular Internalization of Spherical Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) into Normal and Cancerous Fibroblasts. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12193251"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241006","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793984412410061","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"2","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Life"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/8\/986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:12Z","timestamp":1760128692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5354\/10\/8\/986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bioengineering10080986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10080986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-5354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-5354","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]}}}