{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T18:06:42Z","timestamp":1776362802301,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising therapy in regenerative medicine. However, the lack of standardization in PRP preparation protocols presents a challenge in achieving reproducible and accurate results. This study aimed to optimize the PRP preparation protocol by investigating the impact of two different anticoagulants, sodium citrate (SC) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and resuspension media, plasma versus sodium chloride (NaCl). Platelet recovery rates were calculated and compared between groups, in addition to platelet activity and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released into plasma after PRP activation. The platelet recovery rate was higher with EDTA in comparison to SC (51.04% vs. 29.85%, p = 0.005). Platelet activity was also higher, with a higher expression of two platelet antibodies, platelet surface P-Selectin (CD62p) and PAC-1, in the EDTA group. The concentration of VEGF was higher with SC in comparison to EDTA (628.73 vs. 265.44 pg\/mL, p = 0.013). Platelet recovery rates and VEGF levels were higher in PRP resuspended in plasma when compared to NaCl (61.60% vs. 48.61%, p = 0.011 and 363.32 vs. 159.83 pg\/mL, p = 0.005, respectively). Our study reinforces the superiority of EDTA (as anticoagulant) and plasma (for resuspension) in obtaining a higher platelet recovery and preserving platelet functionality during PRP preparation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11030209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T04:31:23Z","timestamp":1708662683000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Optimization of Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparation for Regenerative Medicine: Comparison of Different Anticoagulants and Resuspension Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Machado-Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1977-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra EPE, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Laboratoriais, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Almeida-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000477353","article-title":"A Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma: History, Biology, Mechanism of Action, and Classification","volume":"4","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ski. 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