{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:29:43Z","timestamp":1760059783317,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"University Center Lus\u00edada\u2014UNILUS","award":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/23479-5","2017\/25242-8","2019\/09115-1","2021\/13871-6","303852\/2019-4","421801\/2021-2","Finance Code 001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the validity of panoramic radiography as an auxiliary method for identifying mandibular bone features consistent with a diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Ninety panoramic radiographs were analyzed to assess the quality of the mandibular cortical layer below the mental foramen on both sides of the mandible. Scores C1 (normal), C2 (osteopenia), and C3 (osteoporosis) were attributed according to the cortical morphology. The sample consisted of 78 (86%) women aged 45 years or older and 12 (14%) men older than 60 years old. In 39 (43%) cases, the C1 score was evidenced as the lower mandibular cortical layer was normal on the image. The C2 score was identified in 47 (52%) cases, in which the cortical layer showed semilunar defects. Four (5%) cases presented a C3 score, with the cortical layer showing a clearly porous, thinner bone cortex. The presence of risk behaviors (e.g., smoking and alcoholism) as well as some comorbidities (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders) was also observed. Mandibular bone changes were observed in association with a set of risk factors using panoramic radiography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12070746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Mandibular Bone Alterations by Panoramic Radiography: A Potential Tool in the Identification of Signs of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Esdras Gabriel","family":"Alves-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Piracicaba 13083-970, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, University Federal of Rio Grande do Norte\u2014UFRN, Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Betania","family":"Fachetti Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, University Federal of Rio Grande do Norte\u2014UFRN, Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Camila Fontes","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dentistry, Potiguar University\u2014UnP, Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"de K\u00e1ssia-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dentistry, Potiguar University\u2014UnP, Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Arruda-Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Piracicaba 13083-970, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Lidiane Mendes","family":"Louzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Piracicaba 13083-970, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rebecca F.","family":"Almeida-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Center Lus\u00edada\u2014UNILUS, Santos 11050-071, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2865-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel Marques","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Brenda P. F. A.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas\u2014UNICAMP, Piracicaba 13083-970, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.166833","article-title":"Identifying risk groups for osteoporosis by digital pano-ramic radiography","volume":"6","author":"Alapati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1678-y","article-title":"Diagnostic capabilities of fractal dimension and mandibular cortical width to identify men and women with decreased bone mineral density","volume":"23","author":"Alman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. 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