{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T06:00:40Z","timestamp":1778652040352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,11]],"date-time":"2017-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable biofuels, biomaterials, and fine chemicals production is a critical matter that research teams around the globe are focusing on nowadays. Polyhydroxyalkanoates represent one of the biomaterials of the future due to their physicochemical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Designing efficient and economic bioprocesses, combined with the respective social and environmental benefits, has brought together scientists from different backgrounds highlighting the multidisciplinary character of such a venture. In the current review, challenges and opportunities regarding polyhydroxyalkanoate production are presented and discussed, covering key steps of their overall production process by applying pure and mixed culture biotechnology, from raw bioprocess development to downstream processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering4020055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1497263279000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":626,"title":["Recent Advances and Challenges towards Sustainable Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Constantina","family":"Kourmentza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jersson","family":"Pl\u00e1cido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Venetsaneas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0463-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Burniol-Figols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, S\u00f8ltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5638-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Varrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, S\u00f8ltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hariklia N.","family":"Gavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, S\u00f8ltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A. M.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2016). Plastics Europe Plastics\u2014The Facts 2016, Plastics Europe."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.10.014","article-title":"Biotransformation of volatile fatty acids to polyhydroxyalkanoates by employing mixed microbial consortia: The effect of pH and carbon source","volume":"222","author":"Kourmentza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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