{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:19:03Z","timestamp":1774477143494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/78758\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/78758\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MITP-TB\/ECE\/0013\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MITP-TB\/ECE\/0013\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIO\/04565\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIO\/04565\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa 2020","award":["007317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007317"]}]},{"name":"EU Teaming Phase2","award":["H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017"]}]},{"name":"EU COMPETE Programme","award":["SAICTPAC\/0019\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAICTPAC\/0019\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low percentage of novel drug candidates succeed and reach the end of the drug discovery pipeline, mainly due to poor initial screening and assessment of the effects of the drug and its metabolites over various tissues in the human body. For that, emerging technologies involving the production of organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and the use of organ-on-a-chip devices are showing great promise for developing a more reliable, rapid and cost-effective drug discovery process when compared with the current use of animal models. In particular, the possibility of virtually obtaining any type of cell within the human body, in combination with the ability to create patient-specific tissues using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), broadens the horizons in the fields of drug discovery and personalized medicine. In this review, we address the current progress and challenges related to the process of obtaining organoids from different cell lineages emerging from hPSCs, as well as how to create devices that will allow a precise examination of the in vitro effects generated by potential drugs in different organ systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5030049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T02:46:21Z","timestamp":1529635581000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Towards Multi-Organoid Systems for Drug Screening Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia C.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim M. S.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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