{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T19:53:20Z","timestamp":1778270000704,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT\/MCT) and from European Funds (PRODER\/COMPETE) through the grants M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015 (PAIRED), UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund) and UID\/AGR\/04033\/2019 (CITAB), co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership A","award":["FCT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT\/MCT) and from European Funds (PRODER\/COMPETE) through the grants M-ERA-NET\/0004\/2015 (PAIRED), UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund) and UID\/AGR\/04033\/2019 (CITAB), co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership A","award":["FCT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in their structure. They can be of synthetic or of microbial origin, obtained respectively from chemical synthesis or from microorganisms\u2019 activity. A new generation of ecofriendly surfactant molecules or biobased surfactants is increasingly growing, attributed to their versatility of applications. Surfactants can be used as drug delivery systems for a range of molecules given their capacity to create micelles which can promote the encapsulation of bioactives of pharmaceutical interest; besides, these assemblies can also show antimicrobial properties. The advantages of biosurfactants include their high biodegradability profile, low risk of toxicity, production from renewable sources, functionality under extreme pH and temperature conditions, and long-term physicochemical stability. The application potential of these types of polymers is related to their properties enabling them to be processed by emulsification, separation, solubilization, surface (interfacial) tension, and adsorption for the production of a range of drug delivery systems. Biosurfactants have been employed as a drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of a good number of drugs that exhibit low aqueous solubility. The great potential of these molecules is related to their auto assembly and emulsification capacity. Biosurfactants produced from bacteria are of particular interest due to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties with therapeutic and biomedical potential. In this review, we discuss recent advances and perspectives of biosurfactants with antimicrobial properties and how they can be used as structures to develop semisolid hydrogels for drug delivery, in environmental bioremediation, in biotechnology for the reduction of production costs and also their ecotoxicological impact as pesticide alternative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8080115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1629063835000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Biosurfactants: Properties and Applications in Drug Delivery, Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Thiago R.","family":"Bjerk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil"},{"name":"Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sona","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Conrado","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil"},{"name":"Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2001-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Pashirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.008","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships of self-assembled and solubilization properties of amphiphilic quaternary ammonium derivatives of quinuclidine","volume":"272","author":"Burilova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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