{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:31:54Z","timestamp":1777041114789,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020326","name":"National University of Saint Augustine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IBA-0030-2017-UNSA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBA-0030-2017-UNSA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91751204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91751204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, bioleaching was carried out for the recovery of metals (copper, zinc, tin, lead, gold and silver) from printed circuit boards residues (PCBs), one of the most important wastes from electrical and electronic equipment, using an acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterial consortium enriched with minerals from a gold mine in the Arequipa region, Peru. High-throughput sequencing and analysis of the 16S rRNA biomarker revealed that this consortium was predominantly composed of Tissierella, Acidiphilium and Leptospirillum bacteria, from which the latter is known to grow by chemolithotrophy through iron oxidation. After the enrichment process, the acidophilic iron-oxidizing consortium was first tested for its tolerance to different PCBs concentrations, showing best growth up to 10 g\/L of PCBs and a tolerance index of 0.383. Based on these results, the bioleaching efficiency of the consortium was investigated for 10 g\/L of PCBs in stirred tank reactors coupled to an aeration system, for 18 days. High bioleaching efficiencies were achieved for copper and zinc (69% and 91%, respectively), indicating that these two metals can be easily extracted in this leaching system. Lower extraction efficiencies were achieved for tin (16%) and gold (28%), while for lead and silver only a residual recovery (&lt;0.25%) was detected. These results indicate that the enriched bacterial consortium originating from the Arequipa region, Peru, has a high capacity to recover different metals of economic importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9020079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645043201000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Bioleaching of Heavy Metals from Printed Circuit Boards with an Acidophilic Iron-Oxidizing Microbial Consortium in Stirred Tank Reactors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Tapia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Due\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Cheje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Soclle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Nila","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Ancalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Denos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Homar","family":"Taco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9685-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo A. M.","family":"Alexandrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, AV. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Zhongjun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, AV. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, AV. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lazarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Biominer\u00eda y Bioensayos Ecotoxicol\u00f3gicos (LAB-BIOTBEC), Escuela Profesional de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn, Arequipa 04000, Peru"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.08.050","article-title":"Biotechnological strategies for the recovery of valuable and critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)\u2014A review","volume":"362","author":"Lenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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